NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Map Projections

Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Map Projections

NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Map Projections, (Geography) exam are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of state board and CBSE Schools.  As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students prepare for evaluation.  Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions withinside the very last asked from those. 

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NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Map Projections

Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Map Projections

 

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:

Question 1(i).
A map projection least suitable for the world map:
(а) Mercator
(b) Simple Cylindrical
(c) Conical
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Conical

Question 1(ii).
A map projection that is neither the equal area nor the correct shape and even the directions are also incorrect
(a) Simple Conical
(b) Polar zenithal
(c) Mercator
(d) Cylindrical
Answer:
(a) Simple Conical

Question 1(iii).
A map projection having correct direction and correct shape but area greatly exaggerated.polewards is:
(a) Cylindrical Equal Area
(b) Mercator
(c) Conical
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Mercator

Question 1(iv).
When the source of light is placed at the centre of the globe, the resultant projection is called:
(a) Orthographic
(b) Stereographic
(c) Gnomonic
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Gnomonic

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

Question 2(i).
Describe the elements of map projection.
Answer:

• Reduced Earth: A model of the earth is represented by the help of a reduced scale on a flat sheet of paper. This model is called the “reduced earth”.
• Parallels of Latitude: These are the circles running round the globe parallel to the equator and maintaining uniform distance from the poles.
• Meridians of Longitude: These are semi-circles drawn in north-south direction from one pole to the other, and the two opposite meridians make a complete circle, i.e. circumference of the globe.
• Global Property: In preparing a map projection the following basic properties of the global surface are to be preserved by using one or the other methods:
  • Distance between any given points of a region;
  • Shape of the region;
  • Size or area of the region in accuracy;
  • Direction of any one point of the region bearing to another point.

Question 2(ii).
What do you mean by global property?
Answer:
In preparing a map projection the following basic properties of the global surface are to be preserved by using one or the other methods:

1. Distance between any given points of a region;
2. Shape of the region;
3. Size or area of the region in accuracy;
4. Direction of any one point of the region bearing to another point.

Question 2(iii).
Not a single map projection represents the globe truly. Why?
Answer:
However, there is no such projection, which maintains the scale correctly throughout. It can be maintained correctly only along some selected parallels and meridians as per the requirement. Projection is a shadow of globe which has to be presented on a map. When shape of globe changes certainly inaccuracy comes in. Therefore, it is rightly said that not a single map projection represents the globe truly.

Question 2(iv).
How is the area kept equal in cylindrical equal area projection?
Answer:
The area is kept equal in cylindrical equal area projection because latitudes and longitudes intersect each other at right angles in the straight line form.

3. Differentiate between:

Question 3(i).
Developable and non-developable surfaces
Answer:

Basis	Developable Surface	Non-developable Surface
Meaning	A developable surface is one, which can be flattened, and on which, a network of latitude and longitude can be projected.	A non-developable surface is one, which cannot be flattened without shrinking, breaking or creasing.
Example	A cylinder, a cone and a plane have the property of developable surface.	A globe or spherical surface has the property of non-developable surface

On the basis of nature of developable surface, the projections are classified as cylindrical, conical and zenithal projections.

Question 3(ii).
Homolographic and orthographic projections
Answer:

Basis	Homolographic Projection	Orthographic Projection
Meaning	A projection in which the network of latitudes and longitudes is developed in such a way that every graticule on the map is equal in area to the corresponding graticule on the globe. It is also known as the equal-area projection.	A projection in which the correct shape of a given area of the earth’s surface is preserved.

Question 3(iii).
Normal and oblique projections
Answer:

Basis	Normal Projection	Oblique Projection
Meaning	If the developable surface touches the globe at the equator, it is called the equatorial or normal projection.	If projection is tangential to a point between the pole and the equator, it is called the oblique projection.

Question 3(iv).
Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude
Answer:

Basis	Meridians of Longitude	Parallels of Latitude
Meaning	The meridians of longitude refer to the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian.	The parallels of latitude refer to the angular distance, in degrees, minutes and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator.
Name	Lines of longitude are often referred to as meridians.	Lines oflatitude are often referred to as parallels.
Reference point	0° longitude is called prime meridian.	0° latitude is called equator.
Division	It divides the earth into eastern hemisphere and western hemisphere.	It divides the earth into northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere.
Number	These are 360 in number: 180 in the eastern hemisphere and 180 in the western hemisphere.	These are 180 in number: 90 in southern hemisphere and 90 in northern hemisphere.
Importance	It helps to determine time of a place.	It helps to determine temperature of a place.
Equality	These are not equal.	These are equal.

4. Answer the following questions in not more than 125 words:

Question 4(i).
Discuss the criteria used for classifying map projection and state the major characteristics of each type of projection.
Answer:
Types of Map Projection:

1. On the basis of drawing techniques, map Projections maybe classified perspective, non-perspective and conventional or mathematical. Perspective projections can be drawn taking the help of a source of light by projecting the image of a network of parallels and meridians of a globe on developable surface. Non¬perspective projections are developed without the help of a source of light or casting shadow on surfaces, which can be flattened. Mathematical or conventional projections are those, which are derived by mathematical computation and formulae and have little relations with the projected image.

2. On the basis of developable surface, it can be developable surface and non developable surface. A developable surface is one, which can be flattened, and on which, a network of latitude and longitude can be projected. A globe or spherical surface has the property of non-developable surface whereas a cylinder, a cone and a plane have the property of developable surface. On the basis of nature of developable surface, the projections are classified as cylindrical, conical and zenithal projections.

3. On the basis of global properties, projections are classified into equal area, orthomorphic, azimuthal and equidistant projections.

4. On the basis of location of source of light, projections maybe classified as gnomonic, stereographic and orthographic.

The correctness of area, shape, direction and distances are the four major global properties to be preserved in a map. But none of the projections can maintain all these properties simultaneously. Therefore, according to specific need, a projection can be drawn so that the desired quality may be retained.

Question 4(ii).
Which map projection is very useful for navigational purposes? Explain the properties and limitations of this projection.
Answer:
Mercator’s Projection is very useful for navigational purposes. A Dutch cartographer Mercator Gerardus Karmer developed this projection in 1569. The projection is based on mathematical formulae.

Properties:

• It is an orthomorphic projection in which the correct shape is maintained.
• The distance between parallels increases towards the pole.
• Like cylindrical projection, the parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angle. It has the characteristics of showing correct directions.
• A straight line joining any two points on this projection gives a constant bearing, which is called a Laxodrome or Rhumb line.
• All parallels and meridians are straight lines and they intersect each other at right angles.
• All parallels have the same length which is equal to the length of equator.
• All meridians have the same length and equal spacing. But they are longer than the corresponding meridian on the globe.
• Spacing between parallels increases towards the pole.
• Scale along the equator is correct as it is equal to the length of the equator on the globe; but other parallels are longer than the corresponding parallel on the globe; hence the scale is not correct along them.
• Shape of the area is maintained, but at the higher latitudes distortion takes place.
• The shape of small countries near the equator is truly preserved while it increases towards poles.
• It is an azimuthal projection.
• This is an orthomorphic projection as scale along the meridian is equal to the scale along the parallel.

Limitations

• There is greater exaggeration of scale along the parallels and meridians in high latitudes. As a result, size of the countries near the pole is highly exaggerated.
• Poles in this projection cannot be shown as 90° parallel and meridian touching them are infinite.

Question 4(iii).
Discuss the main properties of conical projection with one standard parallel and describe its major limitations.
Answer:
A conical projection is one, which is drawn by projecting the image of the graticule of a globe on a developable cone, which touches the globe along a parallel of latitude called the standard parallel. As the cone touches the globe located along AB, the position of this parallel on the globe coinciding with that on the cone is taken as the standard parallel.

Properties

• All the parallels are arcs of concentric circle and are equally spaced.
• All meridians are straight lines merging at the pole. The meridians intersect the parallels at right angles.
• The scale along all meridians is true.
• An arc of a circle represents the pole.
• The scale is true along the standard parallel but exaggerated away from the standard parallel.
• Meridians become closer to each other towards the pole.
• This projection is neither equal area nor orthomorphic.

Limitations

• It is not suitable for a world map due to extreme distortions in the hemisphere opposite the one in which the standard parallel is selected.
• Even within the hemisphere, it is not suitable for representing larger areas as the distortion along the pole and near the equator is larger.

Uses

• This projection is commonly used for showing areas of mid-latitudes with limited latitudinal and larger longitudinal extent.
• A long narrow strip of land running parallel to the standard parallel and having east-west stretch is correctly shown on this projection.
• Direction along standard parallel is used to show railways, roads, narrow river valleys and international boundaries.
• This projection is suitable for showing the Canadian Pacific Railways, Trans- Siberian Railways, international boundaries between USA and Canada and the Narmada Valley.

ACTIVITY

1. Construct graticule for an area stretching between 30° N to 70° N and 40° E to 30° W on a simple conical projection with one standard parallel with a scale of 1 : 200,000,000 and interval at an 10° apart.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

2. Prepare graticule for a Cylindrical Equal Area Projection for the world when R.F. is 1: 150,000,000 and the interval is 15° apart.
Answer:
Construction
Radius of reduced earth:
6,40,000,000 / 150,000,000
=4.26cm
(round off to 4.3 cm)
Draw a circle of 4.3 cm radius;
Mark the angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° for both, northern and southern hemispheres;
Length of the equator = 2π r
=2 × 22 / 7 × 4.3 = 27.03 cm,
Draw a line of 27.03 cm.
Divide it into 24 equal parts at a distance of 1.1262 cm apart.
This line represents the equator;
Draw a line perpendicular to the equator at the point where 0° is meeting the circumference of the circle;
Extend all the parallels equal to the length of the equator from the perpendicular line; and complete the projection as shown in figure given below:

3.  Draw a Mercator Projection for the world map when the R.F. is 1:400,000,000 and the interval between the latitude and longitude is 20°.
Answer:
Calculation
250,000,000 / 400,000,000=0.625
Radius of the reduced earth R is 0.625″ is 1: 400,000,000
Length of the equator 2πR or
2 × 22 / 7 × 0.625
= 3.93″ inches
Interval along equator
(3.93×20) / 360 =0.218

Construction

• Draw a line of 3.93″ inches representing the equator as Equation.
• Divide it into 24 equal parts. Determine the length of each division using the following formula: Length of the equator multiplied by interval divided by 360°.
• Calculate the distance for latitude with the help of the table given below:
  
  Complete the projection as shown in Figure given below:
  

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