Sociology Chapter 1 Important Questions Structural Change Term 2 2022
Class 12 Sociology Chapter 1 Important Questions Structural Change Term 2 2022, (Sociology) exams are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of the state board and CBSE Schools. As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students to prepare for evaluation. Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions inside the very last asked from those.
Sometimes, students get stuck inside the exercises and are not able to clear up all of the questions. To assist students, solve all of the questions, and maintain their studies without a doubt, we have provided a step-by-step NCERT Important Questions for the students for all classes. These answers will similarly help students in scoring better marks with the assist of properly illustrated Notes as a way to similarly assist the students and answer the questions right.
Class 12 Sociology Chapter 1 Important Questions Structural Change Term 2 2022
(A) Objective Questions (1 Mark Each)
Stand Alone MCQs
Q. 1. British colonialism was based on a ______ system.
(A) socialist (B) capitalist
(C) communist (D) religious
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q.2. ________ particularly from the British Presidency regions of Bengal and Madras moved as government employees and professionals like doctors and lawyers moved to different parts of the country.
(A) Lower class (B) Middle class
(C) Upper class (D) Nobility
Ans. Option (B) is correct
Q. 3. implied that the people of India or of any colonised society have an equal right to be sovereign.
(A) Socialism (B) Communism
(C) Capitalism (D) Nationalism
Ans. Option (D) is correct
Q. 4. The _______ conquerors benefited from their domination by exacting a continuous flow of tribute.
(A) pre-capitalist (B) capitalist
(C) imperialist (D) post-imperialist
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 5. Over _____ per cent of people in the west live in towns and cities.
(A) 25 (B) 50
(C) 84 (D) 90
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q. 6. From the end of the century, with the installation of mechanised factory industries, some towns became much more heavily populated.
(A) 10th (b) 14th
(C) 19th (D) 21st
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 7. ________ was planned and re-developed so that by 1900 over three-quarters of India’s raw cotton were shipped through the city.
(A) Bombay (B) Calcutta
(C) Delhi (D) Madras
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 8. In 1698, was established ______ by the river for defensive purposes and a large open area was cleared around the fort for military engagements.
(A) Fort St. Peters (B) Fort William
(C) Fort Dundee (D) None of these
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 9. The _______ movement strengthened the loyalty to the national economy.
(A) Quit India (B) Swadeshi
(C) Non-Cooperation (D) None of these
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 10. The National Planning Committee started by Indian National Congress was started in the year
(A) 1919 (B) 1924
(C) 1939 (D) 1946
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 11. The decimal growth rate of the urban population in 1951 was.
(A) 41.42% (B) 96.54%
(C) 27.23% (D) 76.57%
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 12. Which of these is not a key area of focus by the Indian National Congress?
(A) Agriculture (B) Industries
(C) Human factor (D) Federal structure
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Fill in the Blanks
Q. 1. ______ changed the lives of pastoralists.
Ans. Forest Acts
Q. 2. pertains to a particular type of state, characteristics of the modern world.
Ans. Nation state
Q. 3. Indian nationalists declared that _____________ was their birth-right and fought for both political and economic freedom.
Ans. Swaraj / Freedom
Q. 4. _____ also led to considerable movement of people.
Ans. Colonialism
Q. 5. _________ refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
Ans. Industrialisation
Q. 6. As manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined in the face of competition from _______.
Ans. Manchester
Q. 7. _______ cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margin in colonised India.
Ans. Colonial
Q. 8. In 1690, an English merchant named ____________ arranged to lease three villages (named Kolikata, Gobindapur and Sutanuti) by the river Hugli in order to set up a trading post.
Ans. Job Charnock
Q. 9. A modern and prosperous India, as visualised by ________, was to be built on an edifice of giant steel plants or gigantic dams and power stations.
Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru
Q. 10. “Our engineers tell us that probably nowhere else in the world is there a dam as high as this. The work bristles with difficulties and complications. As I walked around the site, I thought that these days the biggest temple and mosque and gurdwara is the place where man works for the good of mankind. Which place can be greater than this, this Bhakra Nangal, where thousands and lakhs of men have worked, have shed their blood and sweat and laid down their lives as well?” Jawaharlal Nehru said these lines in the context of.
Ans. Bhakra Nangal Dam
Q. 11. The Planning Commission was setup in
Ans. March 1950 /1950
Q. 12. The growth of accounts for the third type of urban impact on the surrounding villages,
Ans. metropolitan cities
True or False
Q. 1. There is a vital difference between the empire building of pre-capitalist times and that of capitalist times.
Ans. True
Q. 2. If capitalism became the dominant economic system, the colonies became the dominant political form.
Ans. False
Q. 3. People were carted in airplanes from India to work on other colonised lands in distant Asia, Africa and Americas.
Ans. False
Q. 4. Western education was introduced to create Indians who would manage British colonialism, but it led to the growth of a nationalist and anticolonial consciousness.
Ans. True
Q. 5. In India, the initial impact of the British industrialisation led to more people moving away from agriculture.
Ans. False
Q. 6. Cities had a key role in the economic system of empires.
Ans. True
Q. 7. A prime feature of industrial societies today is that a large majority of the employed population works in factories, offices or shops rather than agriculture.
Ans. True
Q. 8. Tea industry began in India in 1851.
Ans. True
Q. 9. Indian nationalists saw rapid industrialisation of the economy as the path towards both growth and social equity.
Ans. True
Q. 10. Bhilai is an industrial town.
Ans. True
Q. 11. Only a few emigrants reside not only in Indian cities, but also in overseas towns.
Ans. False
Q. 12. M. S. A. Rao has described five different situations of urban impact.
Ans. False
Correct the Statements
Q. 1. People from present day Assam moved to Jharkhand to work on the tea plantations.
Ans. People from present day Jharkhand moved to Assam to work on the tea plantations.
Q. 2. The principle of socialism assumes that any set of people have a right to be free and exercise sovereign power.
Ans. The principle of nationalism assumes that any set of people have a right to be free and exercise sovereign power.
Q. 3. The demand for tea plantation transformed the forests in Assam from an unproductive wilderness into a lucrative source of revenue for the colonial administration.
Ans. The demand for railway sleepers transformed the forests in Assam from an unproductive wilderness into a lucrative source of revenue for the colonial administration.
Q. 4. Colonialists were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.
Ans. Pastoralists were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.
Q. 5. In India, the impact of the British deindustrialisation led to industrialisation in some sectors.
Ans. In India, the impact of the British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors.
Q. 6. When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad gained their courts.
Ans. When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad lost their courts.
Q. 7. The recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Bengal was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act (No. Ill) of 1863 of Bengal.
Ans. The recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Assam was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act (No. III) of 1863 of Bengal.
Q. 8. Bengaluru was one of the first new colonial cities.
Ans. Kolkata was one of the first new colonial cities.
Q. 9. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argued that in India, many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to three different situations of impact of urban influences.
Ans. M. S. A. Rao argued that in India many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to the impact of urban influences.
Q. 10. India will be witnessing fast pace of urbanisation with the ambitious scheme of ‘Smart City’ initiated by the Government of Delhi.
Ans. India will be witnessing fast pace of urbanisation with the ambitious scheme of ‘Smart City’ initiated by the Government of India.
Q. 11. The towns of Rourkela and Durgapur emerged in India long before independence.
Ans. The towns of Rourkela and Durgapur emerged in India after independence.
Q. 12. The National Planning Committee was set up in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India, which is defining the scope of the Commission’s work.
Ans. The Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India, which is defining the scope of the Commission’s work.
(B) Subjective Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)
Q. 1. A model of the South Asian colonial city.
The European town…had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees on both sides of the street, …clubs for afternoon and evening get-togethers…The open space was reserved for…Western recreational facilities, such as race and golf courses, soccer and cricket. When domestic water supply, electric connections, and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilised them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town. (Dutt 1993: 61)
Read the source and answer the following question. (SQP-2021-22)
Did the model of the South Asian colonial city cater to the needs of the natives? Give a reason for your answer.
Ans. No.
When domestic water supply, electric connections, and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilised them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town.
Q. 2. From which state did people move to Assam to work on the tea plantations?
Ans. People from present-day Jharkhand moved to Assam to work on the tea plantations.
Q. 3. What does the principle of socialism assume?
Ans. The principle of nationalism assumes that any set of people has a right to be free and exercise sovereign power.
Q. 4. How did the demand for railways transform the forests of Assam?
Ans. The demand for railway sleepers transformed the forests in Assam from an unproductive wilderness into a lucrative source of revenue for the colonial administration.
Q. 5. How were the forest dwellers prevented from their traditional rights?
Ans. Pastoralists were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.
Q. 6. What was the initial impact of British industrialisation in India?
Ans. In India, the impact of British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors.
Q. 7. What happened to towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad when the British gained political powers?
Ans. When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad lost their political importance.
Q. 8. Under which provisions were the recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Bengal was carried?
Ans. The recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Assam was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act (No. Ill) of 1863 of Bengal.
Q. 9. Name one of the first new colonial cities.
Ans. Kolkata was one of the first new colonial cities.
Q. 10. Who argued that in India, many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to three different situations of the impact of urban influences?
Ans. M. S. A. Rao argued that in India many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to the impact of urban influences.
Q. 11. How will India be witnessing the fast pace of urbanisation with the ambitious scheme of ‘Smart City’ initiated by the Government of Delhi?
Ans. India will be witnessing a fast pace of urbanisation with the ambitious scheme of ‘Smart City’ initiated by the Government of India.
Q. 12. When and how was the National Planning Committee was set up?
Ans. The Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India, which is defining the scope of the Commission’s work.
Q. 13. Which act changed the lives of pastoralists?
Ans. Forest acts changed the lives of pastoralists.
Q. 14. What refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity?
Ans. Industrialisation led to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
Q. 15. As manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined in the face of competition from which city?
Ans. As manufacturing boomed in Britain, Manchester gave competition to traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of competition.
Q. 16. Which cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonised India?
Ans. Colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and the periphery or margins in colonised India.
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 Marks Each)
Q. 1. Agricultural productivity increased sharply because of the new’ technology’. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grain production for the first time in decades. It was primarily the medium and large farmers who were able to benefit from the new technology.
(A) What is subsistence agriculture?
(B) Who were able to reap the most benefits from Green Revolution and commercialisation of agriculture? (SQP-2021-22)
Ans. Agricultural productivity increased sharply because of the new technology. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grain production for the first time in decades. It was primarily the medium and large farmers who were able to benefit from the new technology.
(i) When agriculturists produce primarily for themselves and are unable to produce for the market, it is known as subsistence agriculture.
(ii) It was the farmers who were able to produce a surplus for the market who were able to reap the most benefits from the Green Revolution and from the commercialisation of agriculture that followed.
Q. 2. The impact of English Language has been many sided and paradoxical in India. Give reasons. (Delhi, 2019)
Ans. (i) English is not only widely used in India but we now have an impressive body of literary writings by Indians in English.
(ii) Knowledge of English has given Indians an edge in the global market such as, working in BPOs, etc.
(iii) English continues to be a mark of privilege.
(iv) Not knowing English is a disadvantage in the job market.
(v) Knowledge of English opens up doors of opportunities that were formerly closed.
Q. 3. How did industrialization lead to deindustrialization? (Outside Delhi, 2017)
Ans. Industrialization led to de-industrialization in India:
(i) Industrialization led to setting up of factories in Britain – emergence of machine production.
(ii) De-industrialization – unlike Britain, traditional manufacture and export declined in India and people turned to agriculture. For example, artisans, weavers.
Q. 4. What is Capitalism?
Ans. (i) Capitalism is a system of commodity production for the market, through use of wage labour.
(ii) Private property and the market have included all the sectors including the human labour into a saleable commodity.
(ii) There are two classes in capitalism – Bourgeoisie i.e., the owners of means of production who invest their capital and make profit and the Proletariat i.e., the working class.
Q. 5. How did de-industrialization take place in colonial India? (Delhi, 2019)
Ans. (i) British industrialization led to de-industrialization in some sectors;
(ii) decline of old urban centres;
(iii) manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined in the face of Manchester competition;
(iv) this period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam, while Bombay and Madras grew;
(v) when the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad lost their courts and their artisans and court gentry; Many village artisans abandoned their hereditary craft and moved to agriculture.
(Any Two)
Q. 6. How did colonial laws favour the owners and managers of tea plantations? (Delhi, 2018)
Ans. (i) Laws of a colonialized country did not stick to democratic norms.
(ii) Colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers and clearly acted on behalf of the British planters.
(iii) The colonial administrators used harsh measures against the labourers to make sure that they benefited the planters.
Q. 7. Why coastal cities were favoured by the colonial ruler? (Delhi, 2017)
Ans. Coastal cities were favoured as:
(i) From here primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.
(ii) They were the primary link between the economic center and core in Britain and periphery margins in colonized India.
Q. 8. Mention the name of two cities whose importance declined during colonialism.
Ans. Surat and Masulipatnam.
Q. 9. What were the two structural changes brought by colonialization in India?
Ans. (i) Urbanization – Cities replaced villages as places to live for many.
(ii) Industrialization – Refers to emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
Q. 10. What is industrialization?
Ans. Industrialization refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. Even in the most advanced of traditional civilizations, most of the people were engaged in working on the land. The relatively low level of technological development did not permit more than a small minority to be freed from the chores of agricultural production.
Q. 11. What is de-industrialization?
Ans. In India, the impact of the very same British industrialization led to de-industrialization in some sectors and decline of old urban centers. Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of competition from Manchester. This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam, while Bombay and Madras grew.
Short Answer Type Questions-ll (4 Marks Each)
Q. 1. Nation-state became the dominant political form during the colonial period. Explain. (Delhi, 2017)
Ans. Nation-state became the dominant political form:
(i) Initially, use of passports was not common for international travel.
(ii) Pertains to a particular state, characteristic of the modern world.
(iii) Associated closely with the rise of nationalism; rise of democratic ideas; Sovereign.
(iv) A community of communities sharing a desire to be a part of the same political collectivity.
Q. 2. Elaborate on the acts of the Britishers to gain power during the colonial rule.
Ans. Acts of Britishers to gain power:
(i) Laws of the land – changed land ownership laws and decided what crops ought to be grown.
(ii) Altered the ways by which production and distribution of goods took place.
(iii) Brought Forest Laws – cleared trees and started tea plantations – displaced tribals.
(iv) Introduced changes in every sphere, be it legal or cultural or architectural.
(v) Introduction of Western education – English language
(vi) Intended to create Indians who would manage British colonialism
Q. 3. Elaborate on the movement of the people during the colonial rule.
Ans. (i) People from present-day Jharkhand were moved to Assam to work on the tea plantations.
(ii) A newly emerging middle class from the British Presidency regions of Bengal and Madras moved as government employees and professionals to different parts of the country.
(iii) People were carted away in ships from India to work on other colonized lands in distant Asia, Africa and Americas.
Q. 4. How has colonialism impacted our lives? (Delhi, 2020)
Ans. British colonialism which was based on capitalism directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism.
(i) Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism.
(ii) It changed the law of land as:
(a) It changed not just land ownership laws, but decided even what crops would be grown and what ought not to be.
(b) It altered the way production and distribution of goods take place.
(c) It started interfering with the manufacturing sector.
(d) It started occupying forests and cleared trees and started plantation.
(e) Colonialism introduced the forest acts that changed the lives of tribals/pastoralists.
(f) It also led to movement of people from one part to another in India which ultimately led to the growth of nationalist and anti-colonial awareness in the Indian masses.
(g) The colonialism affected our lives culturally, politically and more or less combining the two.
(h) Due to mobility and exposure to modem western thoughts people started thinking about freedom, liberty and human rights which provided basis for India’s freedom movement. Colonialism also had significant social influences e.g. Indian society particularly the emerging middle class was gradually changed i.e. their lifestyle, eating habits, languages and clothing.
(iii) Political impact of colonialism on Indian society was significant. Our national movement, the political system, the parliamentary and legal system, Constitution, education system, the police traffic rules, by and large the whole political structure changed due to the colonial impact.
Q. 5. Which cities were developed by the British in India and why? (Delhi, 2019)
Ans. (i) Coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were favoured.
(ii) From here primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.
(iii) Colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre and core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonized India.
(iv) E.g., Calcutta exported jute to Dundee, Madras sent coffee, sugar, indigo dyes and cotton to Britain.
Q. 6. How did the advent of colonialism in India produce a major upheaval in the economy? (Delhi, 2017)
Ans. Advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy:
(i) British industrialization led to de- industrialization in India.
(ii) After colonization, India became source of raw materials and agricultural products and a consumer of manufactured goods. Earlier it was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market.
(iii) New groups emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism.
(iv) Disruptions in production, trade and agriculture e.g., handloom, village crafts, etc.
(v) Emergence of new business communities transformed trade, banking, industry, etc.
(Any other relevant point)
(Any four)
Q. 7. Explain the three different situations of urban impact as given by M.S.A Rao. (Outside Delhi, 2017)
Ans. Three different situations of urban impact as given by M.S.A. Rao:
(i) The impact of urban influences varies according to the kind of relations a village has with a city or town.
(ii) There are villages where a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far of cities.
(iii) Urban influence on the villages situated near an industrial town.
(iv) The growth of metropolitan cities and its impact on surrounding villages.
Q. 8. Industrialization and urbanization are linked processes. Discuss.
Ans. (i) Industrialization refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity
(ii) A prime feature of industrial societies is that a large number of people are employed in factories, offices or shops rather than agriculture.
(iii) Over 90% of the people are living in cities and towns where most of the jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created.
(iv) British period of industrialization in some regions had led to decline of old urban centres.
(v) The process of urbanization during the colonial period caused decline of earlier urban centers and the emergence of new colonial cities like Surat and Masulipatnam lost their charm and Bombay and Madras emerged as important cities.
(vi) When manufacturing units boomed in Britain, traditional export of cotton and silk manufactures of India declined because they could not compete with Manchester.
(vii) At the end of 19th century, with the development of mechanized factory industrialization, few towns became heavily populated.
(viii) Other than eastern India where British penetration was the earliest and deepest, survived much longer. E.g., village crafts in the interior could survive. They were affected only with the spread of railways.
(ix) The government of India after independence played significant role in protecting and promoting industrialization.
Q. 9. Discuss the role of the cities in the development of economy in colonial rule.
Ans. (i) Due to the economic development, coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were favoured.
(ii) Cities started playing significant role in the economic system of British Empire.
(iii) Primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be imported with low cost.
(iv) These cities became prime link between economic centers in Britain and margins in colonial India.
(v) These cities in India became reflection of global capitalism e.g., Madras for coffee, Sugar, Indigo and Dyes, Raw cotton from Bombay and exported jute from Calcutta.
Long Answer Type Questions (6 Marks Each)
Q. 1. Colonialism introduced a wide range of change in every sphere, be it legal or cultural or architectural. Justify the statement with examples. (Delhi, 2015)
Ans. During the colonial rule by British in India, economic, social, political and technological changes took place. The economy changed negatively, leading to drain of wealth as mentioned by Dadabhai Naoroji. Land revenue systems of Permanent land settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari system created intermediaries, heavy tax on the peasants and exploitation by the British and the zamindars. The peasants could be evicted from the land on non-payment of the tax. The artisans, painters and weavers lost jobs with industrialisation. Introduction of machines cut down the human labour. Abolition of Sati, widow remarriage, introduction of Enfield rifle, crossing the ocean by soldiers drew resentment from Indians as it affected the social and religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslims alike. The rifle grease which was made of cow and pork meat were to be bitten off before firing. Crossing the ocean made a person outcaste in the Hindu religion. Moreover, propagation of Christianity, western ideas and western education was seen as a threat to the cultural identity of India. Politically, various Councils Acts were introduced for the representation in Legislative and Executive Council. However, Indians were not given representation or the decision making authority. The country which was ruled by various rulers looking after their kingdoms was brought to an end by the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Dalhousie. Introduction of railways, roads and telegraph improved communication and brought technological advancement to India. Therefore, rapid urbanization and development of new cities were witnessed. Under the British rule the legislative, administrative and judicial bodies were biased against Indians and treated them differently in punishment, representation and employment. The real power was vested with the British whereas, the responsibilities were carried out by the Indians. It should be noted that the 200 years of British colonialism has impacted the minds of Indians till today. In the modern world it has taken the form of cultural imperialism, in which Indians consider the Western practices and lifestyle superior to their own.
Q. 2. In what ways has colonialism brought about a social, economic and political influence on India society to promote urbanization? (Delhi, 2016)
Ans. To promote urbanization, colonialism brought about a social, economic & political influence on Indian society.
(i) Social:
(a) Western education.
(b) School uniforms with tie.
(c) Eating of bread, cutlet, omelette, etc.
(d) Migration of labour to tea plantations & other colonial areas.
(e) Decline of old urban centres.
(f) Indian states lost their courts, artisans and gentry.
(g) Village crafts, traditional materials declined.
(h) New social groups emerged.
(Any two)
(ii) Economic:
(a) Traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactured goods declined in the face of Manchester competition.
(b) Setting up of factories for “their ” preference of goods eased out the native production system – go back to agriculture.
(c) Cities having mechanized factories became heavily populated.
(d) Coastal cities grew – easy export & import
(e) Planning of cities like Bombay, Cantonment towns, etc.
(f) Factories named after the British.
(Any two)
(iii) Political:
(a) Parliamentary System, Legal System, Police, Administration, Education based on the British model.
(b) Official buildings based on British architecture.
(c) Western education led to rise of nationalism.
(d) Nation-states became the dominant political form.
(Any two)
Q. 3. Write a short note on recruitment of tea labourers in colonial India.
Ans. (i) Tea industry began in India in 1830.
(ii) Most of the tea gardens were situated in Assam.
(iii) In 1903, the industry employed permanent and temporary employees.
(iv) Labourers had to be imported from other provinces as Assam was sparsely populated and the tea plantations were often located on uninhabited hillsides.
(v) The area having difficult climatic conditions and infected with strange fevers did not attract anyone to work.
(vi) To attract the labourers, the provisions of financial and other incentives were required, which the tea planters of Assam were unwilling to offer.
(vii) Instead, they had recourse to fraud and coercion; and they persuaded the government to aid and abet them in this unholy task by passing penal laws.
(viii) The recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Assam was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act (No. Ill) of 1863 of Bengal as amended in 1865,1870 and 1873.
