Sociology Chapter 8 Important Questions Social Movements Term 2 2022

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Important Questions Social Movements Term 2 2022, (Sociology) exams are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of the state board and CBSE Schools. As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students to prepare for evaluation. Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions inside the very last asked from those.

Sometimes, students get stuck inside the exercises and are not able to clear up all of the questions.  To assist students, solve all of the questions, and maintain their studies without a doubt, we have provided a step-by-step NCERT Important Questions for the students for all classes. These answers will similarly help students in scoring better marks with the assist of properly illustrated Notes as a way to similarly assist the students and answer the questions right.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Important Questions Social Movements Term 2 2022

 

(A) Objective Questions (1 Mark Each)

 

Stand Alone MCQs

Q. 1. Black Power movement was led by_____________.

(A) Malcolm X (B) Martin Luther King

(C) Gandhiji    (D) McCarthy

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Q. 2. Right to Information campaign is an example of:

(A) Reformist Movement

(B) Redemptive Movement

(C) Revolutionary Movement

(D) Counter Movement

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Q. 3. Much of the twentieth century’ social movements included:

(A) Working class movements

(B) Peasant movements

(C) Anti-colonial movements

(D) All of the above

Ans. Option (D) is correct.

Q. 4. Santhals, Hos, Oraons, Mundas in Chota Nagpur and the Santhal Parganas are tribes of:

(A) Tamil Nadu (B) Haryana

(C) Jharkhand   (D) Karnataka

Ans. Option (C) is correct.

Q. 5. Satnami Movement of the Chamars in eastern MP and the: movement by Jatavas of Agra are examples of

(A) Women’s rights’ movement

(B) Peasant movement

(C) Dalit movement

(D) Tribal movement

Ans. Option (C) is correct.

Q. 6. The campaign against indigo plantations in 1917:

(A) Champaran Satyagraha

(B) Bardoli Satyagraha

(C) Non-cooperation Movement

(D) Tebhaga Movement

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

 

Fill in the Blanks

Q. 1. ______ argues that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self-interest.

Ans. Mancur Olson

Q. 2. Social movements have simultaneously targeted both the two forms of exploitation: ____ and colonialism, which are interlinked through forms of imperialism.

Ans. capitalism

Q. 3. ______ is the key issue binding all tribal movements.

Ans. Alienation from forest lands

Q. 4. The first trade union was established in 1918 in Madras by.

Ans. B.R Wadia

Q. 5. ______ was the first peasant organisation to be founded.

Ans. Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929)

Q. 6. _________ supported the struggle of sharecroppers in Bengal in North Bihar for two thirds share of their produce instead of the customary half.

Ans. Kisan Sabha and the Communist Party of India (CPI)

 

True or False

Q. 1. While anti-colonial movements united all the people into national liberation struggles, class­ based movements united classes to fight for their rights.

Ans. True

Q. 2. In 1920, the All India Trade Union Congress (A1TUC) was formed in Calcutta.

Ans. False

Q. 3. The new social movements clearly saw reorganisation of power relations as a central goal.

Ans. False

Q. 4. The Indian National Congress led the Indian National Movement.

Ans. True

Q. 5. According to the theory of relative deprivation, social conflict arises when a social group feels that it is worse off than others around it.

Ans. True

Q.6. Chipko Movement is a peasant movement.

Ans. False

 

Correct the Statements

Q. 1. The new social movements, often based on class related issues like the trade union or peasant movements are different from the old social movements like the environmental, women or tribal movements.

Ans. The old social movements, often based on class related issues like the trade union or peasant movements are different from the new social movements like the environmental, women or tribal movements.

Q. 2. Coffee plantations in Assam were established as early as in 1849.

Ans. Tea plantations in Assam were established as early as in 1839.

Q. 3. Like-mindedness, civil society, gender-just society are essential elements in creating social movements and occur in ways that are difficult to trace to class-based inequality.

Ans. Identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations are essential elements in creating social movements and occur in ways that are difficult to trace to class­ based inequality.

Q. 4. Counter groups refer to old social movements represented by political parties and trade unions and to new non-governmental organisations, women’s groups, environmental groups and tribal activists.

Ans. Civil society refers to old social movements represented by political parties and trade unions and to new non-governmental organisations, women’s groups, environmental groups and tribal activists.

Q. 5. In his book, Weapons of the Weak, James Scott analysed the lives of Dalits in India.

Ans. In his book ‘Weapons of the Weak’, James Scott analysed the lives of peasants and labourers in Malaysia.

Q. 6. Chartism was a social movement for gender equality in France.

Ans. Chartism was a social movement for parliamentary representation in England.

 

Extract-based MCQs

I. Read the source and answer the following question.

The Right to Vote

Universal adult franchise, or the right of every adult to vote, is one of the foremost rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. It means that we cannot be governed by anyone other than the people we have ourselves elected to represent us. This right is a radical departure from the days of colonial rule when ordinary people were forced to submit to the authority of colonial officers who represented the interests of the British Crown. However, even in Britain, not everyone was allowed to vole. Voting rights were limited to property-owning men.

Q. 1. What is universal adult franchise?

Ans. It is the right to vote given to every citizen in a democracy.

Q. 2. Who was given the right to vote in Britain?

Ans. Voting rights were given to property-owning men.

II. Read die source and answer the following question.

The repertoire of satyagraha

The fusion of foreign power and capital was the focus of social protest during India’s nationalist struggle. Mahatma Gandhi wore khadi, hand- spun, hand-woven cloth, to support Indian cotton­ growers, spinners and weavers whose livelihoods had been destroyed by the government policy of favouring mill-made cloth. The legendary Dandi March to make salt was a protest against British taxation policies that placed a huge burden on consumers of basic commodities to benefit the empire. Gandhi took items of everyday mass consumption like cloth and salt and transformed them into symbols of resistance.

Q. 1. What was the focus of India’s nationalist struggle?

Ans. It was against the fusion of foreign rule and capital.

Q. 2. What was Mahatma Gandhi’s genius?

Ans. Gandhi look items of everyday mass consumption like cloth and salt and transformed them into symbols of resistance.

 

(B) Subjective Questions

 

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark Each)

Q. 1. What do you understand by social movements?

Ans. Social movements refer to the organised collective action that aims at bringing about a social change to address a societal issue.

Q. 2. What does Mancur Olson have to say about Collective Action Theory?

Ans. According to Mancur Olson says social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self-interest. The notion of the rational, utility-maximising individual

Q. 3. Give an example of a primitive social movement.

Ans. Change in personal consciousness and actions. E.g., people in the Ezhava community in Kerala were led by Narayana Guru to change their social practices.

Q. 4. What is an ecological movement? Give an example.

Ans. A development model that exploits natural resources is criticized, for all sections of people not the beneficiaries of development. E.g., big dams displace people from their homes and sources of livelihood. The Chipko Movement.

Q. 5. Who established the trade union movement in India and when did it begin in India?

Ans. The first trade union in India was started in April 1918 in Madras by B.R Wadia.

Q. 6. Mention a famous tribal movement against British rule.

Ans. Birsa Munda was an Adivasi who led a major uprising against the British.

Q. 7. Give some examples of social movements in India.

Ans. Abolition of untouchability, reservation in education, employment and promotion.

Q. 8. List two women’s movements.

Ans. • The Women’s India Association (WIA) (1917)

• All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1926)

• National Council for Women in India (NCWI) (1925)

(Any two)

Q. 9. What did the Dalit movement stand for?

Ans. Fight for self-respect, dignity. Against practices of untouchability, discrimination.

Q. 10. Name a few peasant movements in India.

Ans. Bengal Revolt of 1859-62 against the indigo plantation system, ‘Deccan riots’ of 1857 against moneylenders.

 

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 Marks Each)

Q. 1. Give two examples of caste based movements.           (CBSE, 2019)

Ans. (i) Satnami Movement of the Chamars in the Chhattisgarh plains in eastern MR

(ii) Adi Dharma Movement in Punjab,

(iii) The Mahar Movement in Maharashtra,

(iv) The socio-political mobilisation among the Jatavas of Agra and

(v) the Anti Brahman Movement in south India.

(Any two)

Q. 2. Adivasi experiences of marginalization and their sense of injustice were the mobilized to create shared Jharkhandi identity.’ Mention the issues against which leaders of Jharkhand agitated.       (CBSE, 2019)

Ans. The issues against which the leaders of the movement in Jharkhand agitated were:

(i) acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges;

(ii) survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down, etc.

(iii) collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues, which were resisted;

(iv) nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted

Q. 3. Give examples of the Peasant Movements in India during the 20th century.

Ans. (i) ‘Deccan Riots’ of 1857 against moneylenders.

(ii) 1859-62 Bengal Revolt against the indigo plantation system.

(iii) Champaran Satyagraha (1917-18) directed against indigo plantations.

(iv) Bardoli Satyagraha (1928, Surat District), a ‘non­ tax’ campaign as part of the nationwide non­ cooperation movement, a campaign of refusal to pay land revenue.

(v) Tebhaga movement (1946-47): Struggle of sharecroppers in Bengal in North Bihar for two thirds share of their produce instead of the customary half.

(vi) Telangana movement (1946-51): Fight against the feudal conditions in the princely state of Hyderabad and was led by the CPI.

(vii) The Naxalite struggle, which started from the region of Naxalbari (1967) in Bengal. The central problem for peasants was land.

Q. 4. Name some organizations that were formed to address the issues of the Backward Caste during the 20th century.

Ans. (i) United Provinces Hindu Backward Classes League

(ii) All-India Backward Classes Federation

(iii) All India Backward Classes League

(iv) In 1954, nearly 88 organisations were working for the Backward Classes.

Q. 5. Provide examples for women’s participation in agrarian struggles and revolts.

Ans. (i) Tebhaga movement in Bengal.

(ii) Telangana arms struggle from the erstwhile Nizam’s rule.

(iii) Warli tribal’s revolt against bondage in Maharashtra.

Q. 6. Distinguish social change and social movement.

OR

Bring out the differences between social change and social movement.        (CBSE, 2017)

Ans. Social change is continuous and ongoing. However, social movements come to an end when the goal is achieved. The broad historical processes of social change are the sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space. Social movements are directed towards some specific goals.

Q. 7. What are the two important factors Gender-just society is based on?

Ans. Educated women with multiple roles and improved sex ratio.

Q. 8. What is horizontal stretch?

Ans. The backward castes/classes emerged as political entities in the colonial and post-colonial contexts. The colonial state often distributed patronage on the basis of caste. Therefore, people stayed within their caste for social and political identity in institutional life. And it influenced similarly placed caste groups to unite themselves and to form a ‘horizontal stretch’, which is characterised with low ritual content and more secularised for political mobilisation.

 

Short Answer Type Questions-ll (4 Marks Each)

Q. 1. Assertions of tribal identity are on the rise. This can be laid at the door of the emergence of a middle class within the tribal society. With the emergence of this class in particular, issues of culture, tradition, livelihood, even control over land and resources, as well as demands for a share in the benefits of the projects of modernity, have become an integral part of the articulation of identity among the tribes. There is, therefore, a new consciousness among tribes now, coming from its middle classes. The middle classes themselves are a consequence of modern education and modern occupations, aided in turn by the reservation policies.            (CBSE QB 2021)

(i) What gave rise to a middle class among the tribes?

(ii) The reasons for asserting tribal identity for the uneducated and poor adivasis and the middle classes among the tribes are the same. Mark the statement as true or false.

(iii) States like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have made full use of their statehood as a result of the tribal movement. Mark the statement as true or false.

(iv) Mark the statement as true or false. Tribes were a community which always had sharp divisions.

Ans. (i) Reservation policies and education

(ii) False

(iii) False

(iv) False

Q. 2. Castes are not only unequal to each other in ritual terms, they are also supposed to be complementary and non-competing groups. In other words, each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste. Since caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as the social division of labour, except that, in principle, it allows no mobility.           (CBSE QB 2021)

(i) What is not the characteristic of caste?

(ii) Castes were traditionally linked to occupation. [TRUE/FALSE]

(iii) Caste is never a matter of__________ [‘Fill in the blank’]

(iv) Correct the Sentence -Theoretically caste system allows some kind of mobility.

Ans. (i) Freedom to go to another caste at your own discretion

(ii) True

(iii) Choice

(iv) Theoretically caste system does not allow any kind of mobility.

Q. 3. The positive impact of successes – such as the achievement of statehood for Jharkhand and Chattisgarh after a long struggle – is moderated by continuing problems. Many of the state of the North-East, for example, have been living for decades under special laws that limit the civil liberties of citizens. Thus, citizens of states like Manipur or Nagaland don’t have the same rights as other citizens of India because their states have been declared as’ disturbed areas’.

(i) What has made parts of our country’s North-East disturbed area?

(ii) States like Jharkhand and Chattisgarh are examples of federal structure of India. Mark the statement as true or false. Justify your answer.

(iii) Which larger structures make the tribals powerless?

(iv) Mark the statement as true or false. Tribals have to use their own resources illegally today.

Ans. (i) State repression followed by armed rebellion leading to a vicious circle.

(ii) True. These states achieved statehood as a result of tribal struggle.

(iii) State

(iv) True

Q. 4. Explain the theories on Social Movement.

Ans. There are three theories on social movement.

(i) According to the Theory of Relative Deprivation, social movement results from social conflict. Groups of people feel resentment and rage as they feel deprived of access to resources. However, it is criticised that a sense of deprivation alone cannot lead to social movement.

(ii) In the Theory of Collective Action, Mancur Olson opines that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self­ interest. His theory is based on the notion of the rational, utility-maximising individual. That is, a person participates in a social movement only if one gains something and if the risks are less than the gains.

(iii) Resource Mobilisation Theory was proposed by McCarthy and Zald, who said that social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilise resources or means of different sorts. Resources such as leadership, organisational capacity and communication facilities, when used within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.

Q. 5. Bring out the differences between Old and New Social Movements.

Ans.

OLD SOCIAL MOVEMENTS	NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT
Central goal: Reorganisation of power relations.	About addressing issues on quality of life.
Functions within the frame of political parties. INC led the Indian National Movement.	Civil society: Political parties, NGOs, pressure groups.
Class related: Peasant movements, workers movements, anti­colonial movements.	Environmental movements, women’s and tribals movements.
Major fight against economic inequality.	Fights economic, social, cultural and political inequality.

Q. 6. What were reasons for the Tribal Movement in Jharkhand?

Ans. (i) Acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges.

(ii) Survey and settlement operations, which were held up.

(iii) Collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues, which were resisted.

(iv) Nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted.

Q. 7. Discuss the violence against women in India.

Ans. (i) Among the dominant upper castes, dowry deaths, violent controls and regulations on the mobility and sexuality by the family is witnessed.

(ii) The collective and public threat of rape, sexual assault and physical violence at the workplace and in public is faced by Dalit women and women in the urban cities today.

(iii) Mathura rape case (1978) and the Maya Tyagi rape case (1980) were cases of custodial rape by the police, which sparked nationwide protest.

Q. 8. What are counter movements?

Ans. Counter movements arise in defence of the status quo, that is, the existing order or value system. E.g., when Raja Rammohun Roy campaigned against Sati and formed the Brahmo Samaj, defenders of sati formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against sati. When reformers demanded education for girls, widow remarriage, many protested that this would be disastrous for society and socially boycotted it. When reformers campaigned for widow remarriage, they were socially boycotted. When the so called Tower caste’ children enrolled in schools, some so called ‘upper caste’ children were withdrawn from the schools by their families. Peasant movements have often been brutally suppressed.

Q. 9. Explain Gandhiji’s mode of protest with an example.

Ans. The modes of protest Gandhi adopted included ahimsa, satyagraha and use of the charkha in the freedom movement, picketing and the defying of the colonial ban on producing salt.

Mahatma Gandhi wore khadi, hand-spun, hand- woven cloth, to support Indian cotton-growers, spinners and weavers whose livelihoods had been destroyed by the government policy of favouring mill-made cloth. Gandhiji led the civil disobedience movement, famously called the Dandi March. It was against British taxation policies that placed a huge burden on consumers of basic commodities, like salt, in order to benefit the empire. Gandhi took items of everyday mass consumption like cloth and salt, and transformed them into symbols of resistance.

 

Long Answer Type Questions (6 Marks Each)

Q. 1. Elaborate the features of Social Movement.

Ans. A social movement has the following characteristics and requirements:

(i) Sustained collective and organised action over a long period of time. It is often directed against the state, demanding changes in state policy or practice.

(ii) Leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and carry them out.

(iii) Shared objectives and ideologies. A social movement has a general orientation or way of approaching to bring about (or to prevent) change. These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life.

(iv) Aims to bring about changes on a public issue, such as ensuring the right of the tribal population to use the forests or the right of displaced people to settlement and compensation.

(v) The activists carry it out by holding meetings to mobilise people, lobbying with the government, media and other important makers of public opinion, distinct modes of protest. This could be candle and torch light processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry.

(vi) Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both existing status quo, interests and values, it is faced with opposition and resistance.

Q. 2. Bring out the various types of social movements.

Ans. Social movements can be classified as: (i) redemptive or transformatory; (ii) reformist; and (iii) revolutionary.

(i) Redemptive social movement: Aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members. E.g., people in the Ezhava community in Kerala were led by Narayana Guru to change their social practices.

(ii) Reformist social movements: Strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. E.g., the 1960s movement for the reorganisation of Indian states on the basis of language and the recent Right to Information campaign are examples of reformist movements.

(iv) Revolutionary social movements: Attempt to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power. E.g., the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia that deposed the Tsar to create a communist state and the Naxalite movement in India that seeks to remove oppressive landlords and state officials can be described as revolutionary movements.

(v) Old and New Social Movements:

OLD SOCIAL MOVEMENTS	NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT
Central goal: Reorganisation of power relations.	About addressing issues on quality of life.
Functions within the frame of political parties. INC led the Indian National Movement.	Civil society: Political parties, NGOs, pressure groups.
Class related: Peasant movements, workers movements, anti­colonial movements.	Environmental movements, women’s and tribals movements.
Major fight against economic inequality.	Fights economic, social, cultural and political inequality.

Q. 3. Explain the second phase of Indian women’s movement.

Ans. (i) Changes in organisational strategy and ideologies were observed in the women’s movement.

(ii) Organisational changes: The 1970s also witnessed the emergence of the ‘autonomous’ women’s movement. During the mid-1970s, many educated women took to radical, active politics and simultaneously promoted an analysis of women’s issues. This meant that they were independent from political parties as distinct from those women’s organisations that had links with political parties. Political parties were seen as marginalising the issues of women.

(iii) Change on new issues or ideologies: E.g., violence against women, issues of land rights, employment have been fought alongside rights against sexual harassment and dowry.

(iv) Issues based on gender, caste and class: All women are in some way disadvantaged in comparison to men, however, all women do not suffer the same level or kind of discrimination. Example- the concerns of the educated middle class woman is different from the peasant woman, concern of the Dalit woman is different from the ‘upper caste’ woman.

(v) Gender-just society: Both men and women are constrained by the dominant gender identities. E.g., men in patriarchal societies feel they must be strong and successful. It is not, manly, to express oneself emotionally. A gender-just society would allow both men and women to be free. The ideology is true freedom to grow and develop, injustices of all kind have to end. Gender-just society is based upon two important factors — educated women with multiple roles and improved sex ratio. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana is an effort by the Indian government for a gender-just society.

(vi) During late 20th century, Jayaprakash Narayan called for a ‘Total Revolution’ that raised questions on power structures, which included many about women — questions about family, work, distribution and family violence, unequal access to resources enjoyed by men and women, issues of male-female relationship and women’s sexuality.

Q. 4. Explain the Tribal Movement of Jharkhand.

Ans. (i) One of the key issues that binds tribal movements from different parts of the country is the eduenation of tribals from forest lands. In this sense, ecological issues are central to tribal movements, like cultural issues of identity and economic issues of inequality. Many of the tribal movements have been largely located in the ‘tribal belt’ in middle India, such as the Santhals, Hos, Oraons, Mundas in Chota Nagpur and the Santhal Parganas. This region came to be called Jharkhand. Therefore, Jharkhand can be taken as an example of a tribal movement

(ii) Jharkhand was carved out of south Bihar in the year 2000. This state was formed based on more than a century of resistance. Its charismatic leader Birsa Munda, an adivasi who led a major uprising against the British. Stories, songs and writings about his struggle can be found all over Jharkhand.

(iii) Christian missionaries spread literacy in South Bihar. Literate adivasis began to research and write about their history and myths, documented and disseminated information about tribal customs and cultural practices. This helped create a unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity as Jharkhandis. Literate adivasis acquired government jobs and over time a middle-class adivasi intellectual leadership emerged that formulated the demand for a separate state and lobbied for it in India and abroad.

(iv) The adivasis shared a common hatred of dikus – migrant traders and moneylenders who had settled in the area and grabbed its wealth, impoverishing the original residents. Dikus enjoyed the benefits from the mining and industrial projects. And adivasi lands had been alienated. Adivasi experiences of marginalisation and their sense of injustice were mobilised to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspired collective action that eventually led to the formation of a separate state.

(v) The leaders of the movement in Jharkhand were agitated against acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges; survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down, etc.; collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues, which were resisted; nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted.

Q. 5. “For much of the twentieth century social movements were class based such as working­ class movements and peasant movements or anti-colonial movements. While anti-colonial movements united entire people into national liberation struggles, class-based movements united classes to fight for their rights.” Explain.

Ans. (i) Anti-colonial movements: The formation of communist and socialist states across the world, E.g., the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, these movements also led to the reform of capitalism. The creation of welfare states that protected workers’ rights and offered universal education, health care and social security in the capitalist nations of Western Europe was partly due to political pressure created by the communist and socialist movements. The movement against colonialism influenced the movement against capitalism as they are interlinked through forms of imperialism, social movements have simultaneously targeted both these forms of exploitation. That is, nationalist movements have mobilised against rule by a foreign power as well as against the dominance of foreign capital. The decades after the Second World War witnessed the end of empire and the formation of new nation-states as a result of nationalist movements in India, Egypt, Indonesia and many other countries.

(ii) Class-based movements: Another wave of social movements occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s. This was the time of the war in Vietnam where forces led by the United States of America were involved in a bloody conflict in the former French colony against Communist Guerrillas. In Europe, Paris was the nucleus of a vibrant students’ movement that joined workers’ parties in a series of strikes protesting against the war Across the Atlantic, the United States of America was experiencing a surge of social protest. The civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King had been followed by the Black Power movement led by Malcolm X. The anti-war movement was joined by tens of thousands of students who were being compulsorily drafted by the government to go and fight in Vietnam. The women’s movement and the environmental movement also gained strength during this time of social ferment.