Class 10 History Chapter 4 Age of Industrialization
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NCERT Notes for Class 10 History Chapter 4 Age of Industrialization
Class 10 History Chapter 4 Age of Industrialization
Age of Industrialization
Before the Industrial Revolution
- Proto industrialisation is referred to the phase which existed even before factories began in England and Europe.
- There was large-scale industrial production for an international market not based on factories.
- In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from Europe moved to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, requesting them to produce for an international market.
- Merchants were restricted to expand their production within towns because rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
- In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed so that they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.
- Proto-industrial system was part of a network of commercial exchanges.
The Coming Up of the Factory
- In the 1730s the earliest factories in England were set up, but only in the late eighteenth century, the number of factories multiplied.
- Cotton was the first symbol of the new era and its production boomed in the late nineteenth century.
- Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill where costly machines were set up and all the processes were brought together under one roof and management.
The Pace of Industrial Change
- First: In Britain, the most dynamic industries were cotton and metals.
- Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s, followed by iron and steel industry.
- Second: The new industries found it difficult to displace traditional industries.
- Third: The pace of change in the ‘traditional’ industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either.
- Fourth: technological changes occurred slowly.
James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.
His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model.
Steam engines were not used in any of the other industries until much later in the century.
How rapid was the process of industrialisation?
- The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals.
- The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries.
- Technological changes occurred slowly because:
- The New technology was expensive.
- The machines often broke down and repair was costly.
- They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
Hand Labour and Steam Power
- In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour.
- Therefore, industrialists did not want to introduce machines which required large capital investment.
- Many seasonal industries were also there who usually preferred hand labour.
- Handmade goods came to symbolize refinement and class
Life of the Workers
- Labours were available in abundance in the market which affected the lives of workers.
- To get a job, workers should have existing networks of friendship and kin relations in a factory.
- After the busy season was over, workers became jobless.
- Till the mid-nineteenth century, it was difficult for workers to find jobs.
- In the early nineteenth century, wages increased but the prices of goods also increased.
- The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.
- Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry.
- After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities for employment.
- Roads were widened, new railway stations came up, railway lines were extended, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, rivers embanked.
Industrialisation in the Colonies
The Age of Indian Textiles
- Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
- A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade – financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
- By the 1750s this network, controlled by Indian merchants, was breaking down.
- The European companies came into power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade.
- The shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power.
- European companies-controlled trade through the new ports and were carried in European ships.
- Many old trading houses collapsed, and those who wanted to survive had to operate within a network shaped by European trading companies.
What Happened to Weavers?
- After the 1760s, the consolidation of the East India Company did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India.
- Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
- After the East India Company established political power, it developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.
- It was established by following a series of steps.
- By eliminating existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establishing more direct control over the weaver.
- It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
- Loans were provided for purchasing raw material for production.
- The produced cloth was to be handed over to the gomastha.
- In many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas because:
- The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village.
- The price weavers received from the Company was miserably low.
Manchester Comes to India
- As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without competition.
- Also, they persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.
- Thus, cotton weavers in India faced two problems at the same time:
- → Their export market collapsed as market overloaded with Manchester imports.
- → Availability of lower cost cotton goods produced by machines.
- By the end of the nineteenth century, factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine-made goods which created a problem of weavers.
Factories Come Up
- In 1854, the first cotton mill in Bombay came up.
- In 1855, first jute mill in Bengal came up.
- By 1862, four cotton mills came up.
- In 1862, another jute mill came up.
- In the 1860s, the Elgin mill was started in Kanpur
- In 1861, the first cotton mill of Ahmadabad was set up.
- In 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.
The Early Entrepreneurs
- In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade.
- In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India.
- After colonial power came in power, Indian businessmen were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
Where Did the Workers Come From?
- In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around.
- Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits.
- → He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city.
The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
- European Managing Agencies established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
- By the first decade of the twentieth century, the swadeshi movement promoted Indian industries.
- From 1906, moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market.
- During the First World War, British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
- After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
Small-scale Industries Predominate
- Large industries formed only a small segment of the economy and most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay.
- In the twentieth century, handicrafts production and handloom actually expanded.
- By the second decade of the 20th century, weavers used looms with a fly shuttle.
Market for Goods
- New consumers are created is through advertisements.
- Advertisements appear in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens.
- Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.
Class 10 History Updated Chapter Notes
| Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe |
| Chapter 2 Nationalism in India |
| Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World |
| Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation |
| Chapter 5 Print Culture and the Modern World |