Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity
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NCERT Notes For Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity
Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Democracy And Diversity
A story from mexico olympics
- During the Medal Ceremony of the 200 metres race which was held in 1968 Olympics at Mexico City, two African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised a black-gloved fist during the playing of the US national anthem.
- They had won the gold and bronze medals respectively.
- With this gesture, they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
- The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black Power.
- This Scenario was an important lanrdmark in the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA(United states of america.
- This is a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.
- The movement is led by Martin Luther King during the period of 1954-1968.
Differences, similarities, divisions
The story from the Mexico Olympics shows an example of social divisions and social inequalities
Origin of Social Differences
- Social Differences are social identities based on accident of birth or on individual choices.
- For example, people around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.
- some of the differences are based on our choices.
- For example, some people are atheists i.e they don’t believe in God or any religion.
- While some people believe in God.
- There are various other choices such as choosing what to study, which occupation to take up and which games or cultural activities to take part in.
Social Division
- It is a situation of conflict based on social inequalities such as religion, caste etc.
- Every social difference does not lead to social division.
- Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
- People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.
Overlapping Differences
Social differences imply a state when people are discriminated or one class/group is given preference over the other, due to the difference in their social, economic or racial inequality.
Overlapping and cross-cutting are the two types of social differences.
When one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities, this is known as overlapping differences.
It results in social division and disintegration.
For Eg, in India Dalits face this type of discrimination as they belong to poor families.
Cross-cutting differences
If social differences cross-cut one another, it means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue.
For example, the Northern Ireland and the Netherlands both were predominantly Christian but divided between Catholics and Protestants.
Politics of social divisions
- The combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.
- Democracy involves competition among various political parties.
- Competition divides society and turns them into political divisions which ultimately lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.
What can be the range of outcomes of politics of social divisions?
- In Northern Ireland, the difference between the two major sectors of Christianity i.e 53% of Protestants and 44% of Roman Catholics took the form of politics.
- The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country.
- The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, which is predominantly Protestant.
- Later on, it took a drastic form which ended by taking the lives of hundreds of people.
- In Yugoslavia, political competition along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
- At the same time, every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters.
- But it affects voting in most countries, especially in India.
Three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions
- The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities.
- If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to
accommodate.
- Depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community
- It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
- Depends on how the government reacts to demands of different groups
- If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country.
In a democracy, the political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy.
This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these
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