NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes

Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER

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NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes

Birth of the Weimar Republic

First World War

1. Germany a powerful empire in the early years of the twentieth century.
2. Fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia.)
3. Little did they realize that the war would stretch on, eventually draining Europe of all its resources.
4. Germany made initial gains by occupying France and Belgium.
5. The Allies, strengthened by the US entry in 1917, won, defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918.

Democratic Constitution in Germany After First World War

1. The defeat of Imperial Germany and the abdication of emperor gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity.
2. A National Assembly met at Weimar and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure.
3. Deputies were now elected to the German Parliament of Reichstag on the basis of equal and universal votes cast by all adults including women.

Treaty of Versailles

1. Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace.
2. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population.
3. 13 percent of its territories 75 percent of its iron 26 percent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
4. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to 6 billion Found.
5. The Allied Powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its power the war guilt clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the allied countries suffered.
6. Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic responsible for not only the defea in the war but the disgrace at Versailles.

The Effects of the War

First World War on Germany/Weimar

1. The war had a devastating impact on the entire continent both psychologically and financially.
2. From a continent of creditors, Europe turned into one of debtors.
3. The infant Weimar Republic was being made to pay for the sins of the old empire.
4. The republic carried the burden of war guilt and national humiliation and was financially crippled by being forced to pay compensation.
5. The Weimar Republic mainly Socialists, Catholics and Democrats, became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circles.
6. They were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’.

First World War Effect on European Society

1. The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity.
2. Soldiers came to be placed above civilians.
3. Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.
4. The media glorified trench life.
5. The truth was that soldiers lived miserable lives in these trenches, trapped with rats feeding on corpses.
6. They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling and witnessed heir ranks reduce rapidly.

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

Political Radicalism

1. The birth of the Weimar Republic coincided with the revolutionary uprising.
2. The Spartacist League on the pattern of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
3. Soviets of workers and sailors were established in many cities.
4. The political atmosphere in Berlin was charged with demands for Soviet-style governance.
5. The socialists, Democrats and Catholics – met in /Weimar to give shape to the democratic republic.
6. The Weimar Republic crushed the uprising with the help of a war veterans organization called Free Corps.
7. The anguished Spartacists later founded the Communist Party of Germany.

Economic Crises

1. Political radicalization was only heightened by the economic crisis of 1923. Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold.
2. This depleted gold reserves at a time resource were scarce.
3. In 1923 Germany refused to pay, and the French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal.
4. Germany retaliated with passive resistance and printed paper currency recklessly.

Execs Money Print Effect

1. Too much printed money in circulation, the value of the German mark fell.
2. In April the US dollar was equal to 24000 marks.
3. In July 353000 marks.
4. In August 4621000 marks and at 98860000 marks by December, the figure had run into trillions.
5. As the value of the mark collapsed, prices of goods soared.
6. This crisis came to be known as hyperinflation.
7. A situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

America Help Germany and bailed Germany

1. The Americans intervened and bailed Germany out of the crisis by introducing the Dawes Plan.
2. Which reworked the terms of reparation to ease he financial burden on Germans.
3. The years between 1924 and 1928 saw some stability.
4. German investments and industrial recovery were totally dependent on short-term loans, largely from the USA.
5. This support was withdrawn when the Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929.

The Years of Depression

1. On one single day, 24 October, 13 million shares were sold.
2. Fearing a fall in prices, people made frantic efforts to sell their shares.
3. This was the start of the Great Economic Depression.
4. Over the next three years, between 1929 and 1932, the national income of the USA fell by half.
5. Factories shut down, exports fell, farmers were badly hit and speculators withdrew their money from the market.
6. The effects of this recession in the US economy were felt worldwide.

The Effect of Depression on Germany

1. The German economy was the worst hit by te economic crisis.
2. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 per cent of the 1929 level.
3. Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages.
4. The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million.
5. On the streets of Germany men with placards around their necks saying, ‘willing to do any work’.
6. The middle classes, especially salaried employees and pensioners, saw their savings diminish when the currency lost its value.
7. Small businessmen, the self-employed and retailers suffered as their businesses got ruined.
8. Big business was in crisis.
9. The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices.

Depression Effect on Political

1. Politically too the Weimar Republic was fragile.
2. The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects.
   • One was proportional representation.
   • This made achieving a majority by any one party a near impossible task.
   • Leading to a rule by coalitions.
3. Another defect was Article 48, which gave the President the powers to impose emergency.
   • Suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
4. The Weimar Republic saw twenty different cabinets lasting on an average 239 days, and a liberal use of Article 48.
   • People lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system, which seemed to offer no solutions.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

• This crisis in the economy, polity and society formed the background to Hitler’s rise to power.
• Born in 1889 in Austria, Hitler spent his youth in poverty.
• When the First World War broke out, he enrolled for the army, acted as a messenger in the front, become a corporal, and earned medals for bravery.
• The German defeat horrified him, and the Versailles Treaty made him furious.
• In 1919, he joined a small group called the German Workers’ Party.
• He subsequently took over the organization and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
• This party came to be known as the Nazi Party.
• During the Great Depression that Nazism became a mass movement.
• In such a situation Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future.
• In 1928, the Nazi Party got no more than 2.6 percent votes.
• In 1932, if had become the largest party with 37 per cent votes.
• Hitler was a powerful speaker.
• His passion and his words moved people.
• He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
• He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.
• He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.

The Destruction of Democracy

1. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler.
2. Having acquired power, Hitler set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule.
3. The Fire decree of 28 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech press and assembly that had been guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
4. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed.
5. This Act established dictatorship in Germany.
6. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree.
7. All political parties and trade union were banned escapt for the Nazi Party and its affiliates.
8. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.

Formation of New Forces

• Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted.
• The already existing regular police in green uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers, these included the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads) Criminal police and the Security Service (SD).

Were Created Unlimited Powers to Gestapo?

• The extra-constitutional powers of these newly organized forces that gave the Nazi state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state.
• People could now be detained in Gestapo torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedures.
• The police forces acquired powers o rule with impunity.

Reconstruction

1. Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar Schacht who aimed at ful production and full employment through a state funded work-creation programme.
2. This project produced the famous German superhighways and the people’s car, the Volkswagen.

Foreign Policy

1. He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936.
2. Integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, One people, One empire, and One leader.
3. He then went on to wrest German-speaking Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia, and gobbled up the entire country.
4. Hitler chose war as the way out of the approaching economic crisis.
5. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory.

Second World War

1. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England.
2. In September 1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany,
3. Hitler’s claim to international power.
4. By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.
5. Hitler now moved to achieve his long-term aim of conquering Eastern Europe.
6. He wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for Germans.
7. He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941.
8. In this historic blunder Hitler exposed the German western front to British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.
9. The Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad.

USA Entered in II World War

1. USA had resisted involvement in the war.
2. But it could not stay out of the war for long.
3. Japan was expanding its power in the east.
4. It had occupied French Indo-China and was planning attacks on US naval bases in the Pacific.
5. When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbor, the US entered the Second World War.
6. The war ended in May 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and the US dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan.

The Nazi Worldview

• Nazi ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s worldview.
• According to this there was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy.
• In this view blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while Jews were located at the lowest rung.
• Hitler’s racism borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.
• Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection.
• Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest.
• According to this idea, only those species survived on earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions.
• The Nazi argument was simple.
• Survive and the weak ones would perish.
• The Aryan race was the finest.
• It had to retain its purity, become stronger and dominate the world.

Other as per of Ideology

1. The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum or living space.
2. He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement.
3. This would enhance the area of the mother country.
4. While enabling the settlers on new lands to retain an intimate link with the place of their origin.
5. It would also enhance the material resources and power of the German nation.

Establishment of the Racial State

1. Once in power, the Nazis quickly began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were seen as ‘undesirable’ in the extended empire.
2. Nazis wanted only a society of ‘pure and healthy Nordic Aryans’.
3. They alone were considered ‘desirable’.

Undesirable Community

1. Jews were not the only community classified as ‘undesirable’.
2. Many Gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were considered as racial ‘inferiors’ who threatened the biological purity of the ‘superior Aryan’ race.
3. The were widely persecuted.
4. Even Russians and Poles were considered subhuman undeserving of any humanity.

Jews Exploitation

• Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany
• Nazi hatred of Jews had a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility towards Jews.
• They had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers.
• Until medieval time Jews were barred from owning land.
• They survived mainly through trade and money lending.
• They lived in separately marked areas called ghettos.
• They were often persecuted through periodic organized violence, and expulsion from the land.
• Hitler’s hatred of Jews was based on pseudoscientific theories of race.

The Racial Utopia

1. Under the shadow of war, the Nazis proceeded to realize their murderous, racial ideal.
2. Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin.
3. Occupied Poland was divided up.
4. Much of north-western Poland was annexed to Germany.
5. Poles were then herded like cattle in the other part called the General Government, the destination of all ‘undesirables’ of the empire.
6. Polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched from their mothers and examined by ‘race experts’.
7. If they passed the race tests they were raised in German families and if not, they were deposited in orphanages where most perished.

Youth in Nazi Germany

1. Hitler was fanatically interested in the youth of the country.
2. He felt that a strong Nazi society could be established only by reaching children Nazi ideology.
3. This required a control over the child both inside and outside school.
4. All schools were ‘ cleansed’ and ‘purified’.
5. Teachers who were Jews or seen as ‘politically unreliable’ were dismissed.
6. Children were first segregated Germans and Jews could not sit together or play together.
7. ‘Undesirable children’ – Jews, the physically handicapped, Gypsies – were thrown out of schools. Finally in the 1940s, they were taken to the gas chambers.

Nazi Schooling

1. School textbooks were rewritten.
2. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race.
3. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler.
4. The function of sports was to nurture a spirit of violence and aggression among children.
5. Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron hearted, strong and masculine.

Youth organizations were made responsible for educating German youth in the ‘the spirit of National Socialism’.

1. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk.
2. At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi youth organization – Hitler Youth – where the learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy, and hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those categorized as ‘undesirable’.
3. After a period of rigorous ideological and physical training they joined the Labour Service at the age of 18.

The Nazi Cult of Motherhood

Responsibility and work of Women

1. Children in Nazi Germany were repeatedly told that women were radically different from men.
2. The fight for equal rights for men and women that had become part of democratic struggles everywhere was wrong and it would destroy society.
3. Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted.
4. Girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children.
5. Girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews.
6. Look after the home teach their children Nazi values.

Role of Women in Nazi Society

• In my state the mother is the most important citizen.
• But in Nazi Germany all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded.
• They were given favoured treatment in hospitals and wee also entitled to concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fares.
• To encourage women to produce many children, Honour Crosses were awarded.
• A bronze cross was given for four children, silver for six and gold for eight or more.

Women Who not Follow the Ideology

• Those who maintained contact with Jews, Poles and Russians were paraded through the town with shaved heads, blackened faces and placards hanging around their necks announcing ‘I have sullied the honour of the nation’
• Man received jail sentences and lost civic honour as well as their husbands and families for this ‘criminal offence’.

The Art of Propaganda

The Nazi regime used language and media with care, and often to great effect..

Use of Media Against Jews

1. Nazis never used the words ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communications.
2. Mass killings were termed special treatment, final solution(for the Jews), euthanasia (for the disabled), selection and disinfections.
3. Evacuation meant deporting people to gas chambers.
4. Gas chambers were called. They were labeled disinfection-areas, and looked like bathrooms equipped with fake showerheads.

Use of Media to Win Support of People

• Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets.
• In posters, groups identified as the enemies of Germans were stereotyped, mocked, abused and described as evil.
• Socialists and liberals were represented as weak and degenerate.
• They were attacked as malicious foreign agents.
• Propaganda films were made to create.
• The most infamous film was the eternal jew. Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked.
• They were shown with flowing, beards wearing kaftans.
• They were referred to as vermin, rats and pets.
• Nazism worked on the minds of the people tapped their emotions, and turned their hatred and anger at those marked as undesirable.

Knowledge about the Holocaust

• Nazi killing operations – also called the holocaust.
• Yet the history and the memory of the Holocaust live on in memoirs, fiction, documentaries, poetry, memorials and museums in many parts of the world today.

NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes FAQs