NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Poverty As A Challenge
| 1. Exercise Questions |
| 2. Intext Questions |
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NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science Economics
Chapter 3 – Poverty as a Challenge
Exercise Questions
Exercises
1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India .
Ans . Poverty line is estimated by the National Sample Survey Organisation ( NSSO ) by conducting sample surveys . A person is considered below the poverty line if his / her income or consumption level falls below a ‘ minimum level ‘ necessary to fulfil basic needs . While determining the poverty line , a minimum level of food requirement , clothing , footwear , fuel , light , educational and medical requirements , etc are determined for subsistence .
Estimating the poverty line is also based on the desired calories requirement . It is 2400 calories per person per day in the rural areas and 2100 calories in the urban areas .
In terms of income , the poverty line is fixed at ₹ 816 / month for rural areas and ₹ 1000 for urban areas for the year 2010-11 . If any family has less than this fixed income , it is considered as below the poverty line .
2. Do you think that present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate ?
Ans . No , the present methodology of poverty estimation is not appropriate because it takes into account only the basic needs of food , clothing , fuel , etc. The quality of these basic necessities is the lowest quality available .
The amount which is fixed as the poverty line does not include the margin for the constant price fluctuations and price rise which is constantly occurring .
3. Describe the poverty trends in India since 1973 .
Ans . The trends in poverty since 1973 are
( i ) There is substantial decline in poverty ratio from 55 % in 1973 to 45.3 % in 1993 and 22 % in 2011-12 .
( ii ) Rural poverty has declined sharply from 56 % in 1973 to 25.7 % in 2011-12 and the numbers from 261 million to 216.5 million .
( iii ) The latest estimates indicate a significant reduction in the total urban and rural number of poor to be about 270.3 million , down from 321 million in 1973 .
4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India .
Ans . The major reasons of poverty in India are
( i ) Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries like textiles .
( ii ) Low rate of India’s economic growth after independence This resulted in less job opportunities and low growth rates of incomes , accompanied by a high growth rate of population hence increasing poverty .
( iii ) Lack of land resources Land reforms aimed at redistribution of assets in rural areas have not been implemented effectively .
( iv ) Backwardness in agriculture People mostly use old . traditional and subsistence methods of farming . This requires much labour and time . Effects of irrigation and the Green Revolution were limited to only some parts of India .
5. Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India .
Ans . The social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes households . The Scheduled Castes are not allowed to avail the facilities given to others due to the prevailing caste system , leading to poverty .
The economic groups vulnerable to poverty are the rural agricultural labour and the urban casual labour households . The rural agricultural labour have no land of their own and are thus , not able to earn enough to meet their daily needs , leading to poverty .
6. Give an account of inter – state disparities of poverty in India .
Ans . There is huge disparities among states regarding incidence of poverty . The following facts disclose about the inter – state disparity of poverty in India
( i ) The success rate of poverty reduction varies from state to state . Poverty is still a serious problem in some of the states such as Odisha , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , etc.
( ii ) In 20 states and Union Territories , the poverty ratio is less than the national average . There is a significant decline of poverty in Kerala .
( iii ) Bihar and Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratio of 33.7 % and 32.6 % , respectively . Illiteracy , social backwardness , etc are the causes .
( iv ) States like Punjab , Haryana and Himachal Pradesh have very low percentage of population living below the poverty line .
7. Describe global poverty trends .
Ans . As per data , there has been substantial reduction in global poverty . It has fallen from 36 % in 1990 to 10 % in 2015 .
Poverty declined in China and South – East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and huge investments in the development of human resources .
In Latin America and the Caribbean , the ratio of poverty remained almost the same .
In Sub – Saharan Africa , poverty saw an upward trend due to successive droughts . It rose from 51 % in 2005 to 40.2 % in 2018 .
Poverty has again resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia , where formerly it was non – existent .
8. Describe current government strategy of poverty alleviation .
Ans . The current anti – poverty strategy of the government has a two approaches i.e. promotion of economic growth and targeted anti – poverty programmes .
Economic growth widens opportunities and provide resources needed to invest in human development .
To enable the poor to take advantage of this economic growth , the government has formulated several anti – poverty schemes to affect poverty directly or indirectly . Such schemes are
Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana ( PMRY ) , Rural Employment Generation Programme ( REGP ) , Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana ( SGSY ) , Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana ( PMGY ) , Antyodaya Anna Yojana ( AAY ) , National Food for Work Programme ( NFWP ) and National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) are some of the anti – poverty schemes of the government .
There is also a proposal for establishing National and State Employment Guarantee Funds . However , despite the good intentions of these schemes , the benefits have not fully reached the deserving poor .
Hence , the major emphasis in recent years has been on proper implementation and monitoring of all the poverty alleviation programmes .
9. Answer the following questions briefly .
( i ) What do you understand by human poverty ?
( ii ) Who are the poorest of the poor ?
( iii ) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) 2005 ?
Ans . ( i ) Human poverty refers to the denial of political , social and economic opportunities to an individual to maintain a ‘ reasonable ‘ standard of living . Illiteracy , lack of job opportunities , lack of access to proper healthcare and sanitation , caste and gender discrimination , etc are all components of human poverty .
( ii ) Women , children ( especially the girl child ) and elderly people in a poor family are regarded as the poorest of the poor . In poor family they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family . Thus , they are considered as the poorest of the poor .
( iii ) The NREGA was introduced in September 2005 . Three features of NREGA are
( a ) It guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work . One – third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women .
( b ) The scheme will initially be started in 200 districts . Later on , the scheme will be extended to 600 districts .
( c ) If an applicant is not provided employment within a 15 days , she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance .
Intext Questions
On Page 30
1. Study the given cases of poverty and discuss the following issues related to poverty .
Urban Case
Thirty – three years old Ram Saran works as a daily – wage labourer in a wheat flour mill near Ranchi in Jharkhand . He manages to earn around 1,500 a month when he finds employment , which is not often . The money is not enough to sustain his family of six- that includes his wife and 4 children aged between 12 years to 6 months .
He has to send money home to his old parents who live in a village near Ramgarh . His father a landless labourer , depends on Ram Saran and his brother who lives in Hazaribagh , for sustenance .
Ram Saran lives in a one – room rented house in a crowded basti in the outskirts of the city .
It’s a temporary shack built of bricks and clay tiles . His wife Santa Devi , works as a part time maid in a few houses and manages to earn another ₹ 800. They manage a meagre meal of dal and rice twice a day , but there’s never enough for all of them .
His elder son works as a helper in a tea shop to supplement the family income and earns another ₹ 300 , while his 10 – year – old daughter takes care of the younger siblings .
None of the children go to school . They have only two pairs of hand – me – down clothes each . New ones are bought only when the old clothes become unwearable . Shoes are a luxury . The younger kids are undernourished . They have no access to healthcare when they fall ill .
Rural Case
Lakha Singh belongs to a small village near Meerut in Uttar Pradesh . His family doesn’t own any land , so they do odd jobs for the big farmers . Work is erratic and so is income .
At times , they get paid 50 for a hard day’s work . But often it’s in kind like a few kilograms of wheat or dal or even vegetables for toiling in the farm through the day .
The family of eight cannot always manage two square meals a day . Lakha lives in a kuchha hut on the outskirts of the village . The women of the family spend the day chopping fodder and collecting firewood in the fields .
His father a TB patient , passed away 2 years ago due to lack of medication . His mother now suffers from the same disease and life is slowly ebbing away . Although , the village has a primary school .
Lakha never went there . He had to start earning when he was 10 years old . New clothes happen once in a few years . Even soap and oil are a luxury for the family .
Issues related to poverty
( a ) Landlessness ( b ) Unemployment
( c ) Size families ( d ) Illiteracy
( e ) Poor health / malnutrition ( f ) Child labour
( g ) Helplessness
Ans . ( a ) Landlessness Landless labourers in the villages are generally poor . They earn very low wages . They are also subject to seasonal unemployment , when they have to do odd jobs at very low income .
( b ) Unemployment In agriculture sector a person couldn’t get permanent employment for the entire year . During lean season ( lacking season ) , he becomes unemployed . Thus , couldn’t carn any income , which may lead to poverty .
( c ) Size of families When the number of persons in a family increases , the incomes of the family becomes insufficient to provide them with the essentials for proper living . This ultimately leads to poverty .
( d ) Illiteracy Due to poverty , the parents are not able to send their children to school . When these children become adults and enter the job market , they are unable to find well – paying jobs , resulting again in poverty . Thus , illiteracy and poverty depend on each other .
( e ) Poor health / malnutrition Poverty causes malnutrition and poor health , as the poor people . cannot afford adequate amounts of nutritious food or proper medical services .
( f ) Child labour Poverty forces the parents to make their children work , although there is a law against child labour . This makes the children drop out from school , resulting in their not getting well – paying jobs when they grow up .
( g ) Helplessness Due to poverty , the poor people become helpless and are willing to do any work for a low income . This leads them further into poverty .
Let’s Discuss On Page 32
2. Why do different countries use different poverty lines ?
Ans . The different countries use different poverty lines because
( i ) The calorie requirement of different human races is different depending on their physical condition and dietary habits . Those races which have greater height and built require higher calories .
( ii ) The per capita income in different countries is also different i.e. per capita income is higher in developed countries as compared to developing countries .
( iii ) The standard of living of Western countries is higher than that of developing countries .
( iv ) The cost of essential items used in calculating poverty line is higher in the developed countries .
Let’s Discuss On Page 33
3. Study the table given below and answer the following questions
( a ) Even if poverty ratio declined between 1993-94 and 2004-05 , why did the number of poor remain at about 407 million ?
( b ) Are the dynamics of poverty reduction the same in rural and urban India ?
Ans . ( a ) The poverty ratio declined between 1993-94 and 2004-05 , but the number of poor remained at about 407 million because the total population of the country is increased during the same period .
Out of this increased population , more people got employment due to the Green Revolution . establishment of more industries and growth of the tertiary sector . As a result , the poverty ratio declined .
( b ) The dynamics of poverty reduction are not the same in rural and urban areas because the conditions in both the areas are completely different .
• In urban areas , poverty has decreased due to expansion of the service sector , increased industrialisation and consequent increase of jobs . This has resulted in migration to cities and towns from rural areas .
• In rural areas , poverty has reduced due to improved agricultural practices resulting in higher incomes . Some contribution to this improvement is due to the migration to urban areas .
Let’s Discuss On Page 36
4. Study the following graph
Now answer the following on its basis .
( a ) Identify the three states where poverty ratio is the highest .
( b ) Identify the three states where poverty ratio is the lowest .
Ans . ( a ) The three states with highest poverty ratio are Bihar ( 33.7 % ) , Odisha ( 32.6 % ) and Assam ( 31.9 % ) .
( b ) The three states with lowest poverty ratio are Kerala ( 7.1 % ) , Himachal Pradesh ( 8.1 % ) and Punjab ( 8.3 % ) .
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