NCERT Notes for Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING

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Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING

NCERT Notes for Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING, (Economics) exam are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of the state board and CBSE Schools. As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students to prepare for evaluation. Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions inside the very last asked from those.

Sometimes, students get stuck inside the exercises and are not able to clear up all of the questions.  To assist students, solve all of the questions, and maintain their studies without a doubt, we have provided step-by-step NCERT Notes for the students for all classes.  These answers will similarly help students in scoring better marks with the assist of properly illustrated Notes as a way to similarly assist the students and answer the questions right

NCERT Notes for Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING

Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING

 

NATIONAL INCOME: National Income is the sum total of the money value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a financial year.It is the income of the people of a nation during a year.

FINAL GOODS:Goods used for final consumption and not again subjected to the process of production is called final goods. Final goods itself are of two types- consumption goods and Capital goods.

CONSUMER OR CONSUMPTION GOODS: Goods are not subjected to a further process of Production and used by the Consumer directly are called consumer or consumption goods.eg. pen,pencil.

PRODUCER GOODS OR CAPITAL GOODS: Goods once produced and which can be

used again for Production are called Producer or Capital Goods. Eg. Machines, buildings. INTERMEDIATE GOODS: Goods used as an input for producing other goods are called Intermediate goods. Eg wood in a paper factory, leather in a shoe factory.

INVESTMENT: Investment means Capital formation. It is the addition to the existing stock of Capital. It is a Flow variable.

GROSS INVESTMENT: Total durables or Capital goods produced during a year in an economy is called Gross Investment.

NET INVESTMENT: The addition to the existing stock of capital is net investment. It is the new capital formation.

NET INVESTMENT = GROSS INVESTMENT – DEPRECIATION

DEPRECIATION OR CONSUMPTION OF FIXED CAPITAL:The loss of value of fixed

assets due to normal wear and tear is called Depreciation. It is also called Consumption of fixed capital.

STOCK VARIABLE

A Variable that can be measured at a point of time is called a STOCK. It is a static concept. It has no time limit. It is measured at a particular point of time. Eg.Wealth, Capital, Inventory.

FLOW VARIABLE

A Variable that is measured in a specific period of time is called a FLOW. It is a dynamic concept. It is measured over a period of time.Eg. Consumption, income, change in inventory.

INVENTORY

The quantity of output that a firm could not be sold is called Inventory. In short, it is the unsold stock. Inventory is a stock variable. It may accumulate or de cumulate.

ACCUMULATION OF INVENTORY

If the value of Inventory at the end of year is more than the value of inventory at the beginning of the year, it is called accumulation of Inventory.

DECUMULATION OF INVENTORY

If the value of Inventory at the end of year is less than the value of inventory at the beginning of the year, it is called decumulation of Inventory.

PLANNED ACCUMULATION OF INVENTORY

The deliberate increase in the stock of goods of a firm is called Planned Accumulation of Inventories.

PLANNED DECUMULATION OF INVENTORY

The deliberate decrease1 in the stock of goods of a firm is called Planned decumulation of Inventories.

UNPLANNED ACCUMULATION OF INVENTORY

The unexpected increase in the stock of goods due to the fall in sales is called Unplanned accumulation of Inventories.

UNPLANNED DE CUMULATION OF INVENTORY

The unexpected decrease in the stock of goods due to the rise in sales is called Unplanned decumulation of Inventories.

Change in inventory = Closing stock – Opening stock.

NET INDIRECT TAX (NIT): Indirect Tax are the tax imposed by the government on goods and services. Sometimes government gives Subsidies to encourage producers. The difference between Indirect Tax and Subsidies is called Net Indirect Tax.

NET INDIRECT TAX = INDIRECT TAX – SUBSIDIES.

TRANSFER PAYMENT OR TRANSFER INCOME OR TRANSFER RETURNS.

If is a unilateral payment for which no services are rendered. Usually It is paid by the government. Eg.Old age pension, Scholarship,Widow pension etc.

NET FACTOR INCOME FROM ABROAD ( NFIA).

It is the difference between the factor income earned by the domestic factors of production employed in the rest of the world and the factor income earned by factors of production of the rest of the world employed in the domestic country.

MACRO ECONOMIC MODEL: functioning of an imaginary economy is called Macro Economic Model.

CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME IN A TWO SECTOR ECONOMY.

It is a flow which shows how income of an economy circulate different sectors in an economy. The two sectors exist in an economy are Firms and House holds.Firms are the Production units and they receive factors of production from the households and give rewards for the factors production. The households spent the entire income received from the forms and nothing to save. This is shown by the flow chart.

In the above diagram the lower most arrow from the household to firms 2shows the flow of factor services such as Land, Labour, Capital and

Entrepreneurship from the household to firms.The flow just above the factor service flow is the counter flow of factor service flow. The firms PRODUCE goods and services and it flows into the house holds. It’s counter flow is spending. The flow of factor services and goods and services is called real flow.3 And the flow of factor rewards and spending is called money flow.

SEMINAR ON THE TOPIC ‘MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME OR GDP’

‘MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME’

Respected teachers and My dear friends,

The topic of my seminar paper is ‘MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME’ The concept of National Income occupies an important role in Macro Economics. National Income is the sum total of the money value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a financial year plus net factor income from abroad (NFIA).In this seminar paper I would like to present various methods for measuring National Income

INTRODUCTION:

National Income can be measured in three different methods. They are the following.

  1. PRODUCT METHOD OR VALUE ADDED METHOD
  2. INCOME METHOD
  3. EXPENDITURE METHOD

PRODUCT METHOD OR VALUE ADDED METHOD

Under this method National Income can be measured by adding all the final goods and services produced by each firms in the economy during a financial year. Then the problem of Double Counting arises.Double Counting means value of a good or service is added more than once in the calculation of National Income. To avoid double counting we use Value Added Method. Value added or Gross Value Added is difference between value of output and intermediate Consumption.

Value Added OR Gross value added = Value of output – Value of intermediate Consumption

Value of output = market price × quantity of output

Under value added method we calculate NI by adding GVA of all firms in the economy during a financial year.we assume that there are N firms in an economy. The NI can be written as follows.

GDP ≡ GVA1 + GVA2 + · · · + GVAN

Therefore

            N

GDP ≡ ∑ GVAi

             i=1 .

NVAi ≡ GVAi – Di here Di= depreciation.

INCOME METHOD

Under this method NI is calculated by adding all the factor income received by owners of factors of production. Income received by land is called Rent(Ri),Income received by labour is called Wages and salaries (Wi),Income received by Capital is called Interest(Ini) And Income received by entrepreneurship is called Profit(Pi).Thus GDP can be written as follows.

EXPENDITURE METHOD

Under this 4method of calculating NI on the final expenditure on domestic product.Final expenditure categorized under four heads.

The Final Consumption expenditure(Ci), The Final Investment expenditure(Ii), The Government5 final Consumption expenditure (Gi) and The export revenue (Xi). Then we substract import expenditure from the sum of C+I+G+X.Then the GDP can be written as follows.

CONCLUSION

We use three different methods to calculate GDP or NI.Whatever be the method we get identical results because the value we get through production is the value of factor rewards such as Rent,Wages and salaries, Interest and Profit. These income is spent for different expenditures.

MACRO ECONOMIC IDENTITIES: Important Macro Economic Identities are the following.

1- GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP):

GNP is defined as the sum of GDP and Net Factor Income from Abroad.It: can be written as follows.

GNP ≡ GDP+ NFIA

2- NET NATIONAL PRODUCT (NNP):

NNP is the total money value of all final goods and services produced by the country in a Economic year less Depreciation. It can be written as follows. NNP ≡ GNP- Depreciation

3- GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP):

GDP is the total money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a Country in a year.

4- NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT (NDP):

NDP is the total money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a Country less Depreciation.

NDP ≡ GDP- Depreciation

5- NET INDIRECT TAX (NIT):

It is the difference between Indirect Tax and Subsidies. It can be written as follows.

NIT ≡ INDIRECT TAX – SUBSIDIES

6- GDP Market Price (GDPmp):

The6 value of GDP calculated on the basis price prevail in the market is called GDPmp.It includes Indirect Tax and don’t include Subsidies.

7- GDP Factor Cost(GDPFC):

It is the difference between GDPmp and Net Indirect Tax

8- PERSONAL INCOME (PI):

It is the part of National Income received by each household of a Country is called Personal Income. It can be written as follows.

Personal Income (PI) ≡ NI – Undistributed profits – Net interest payments made by households – Corporate tax + Transfer payments to the households from the government and firms.

9- PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME(PDI):

If we deduct the Personal Tax Payments(income tax, for example) and Nontax Payments (such as fines) from PI, we obtain what is known as the Personal Disposable Income. Thus

PDI ≡ PI – Personal tax payments – Non-tax payments.

10- Per Capita Income (PCI):

PCI is the annual average per head Income of the people of a Country.

11- NATIONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME (NDI): It is the Income from all sources available to the residents of a Country for consumption expenditure and Savings for one year.

NDI ≡ NNPmp + current transfers from the rest of the world.

12. PRIVATE INCOME

Private Income = Factor income from net domestic product accruing to the private sector + National debt interest + Net factor income from abroad + Current transfers from government + Other net transfers from the rest of the world.

GDP AND PRICES: GDP is affected by changes in price level. An increase in price level, results an increase in the value of GDP and vice versa. To eliminate the of change in price level,Economists calculate Nominal and Real GDP.

NOMINAL GDP: The value of GDP calculated on the basis of current year prices is called Nominal GDP. It is denoted with ‘GDP’.

REAL GDP: The value of GDP calculated on the basis for base year prices is called Real GDP.It is denoted with ‘gdp’.[1]

GDP DEFLATOR

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

Does not include prices of imported goods.

Include prices of imported goods.

Weights differ according to production level of each good

The weights are constant

Takes all consumers

Takes representatives only

GDP DEFLATOR: It is the ratio between nominal GDP and Real gdp.It can be written as follows

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI): This is the index of prices of a given basket of commodities which are bought by the representative consumer.CPI is generally expressed in percentage terms. We have two years under consideration – one is the base year, the other is the current year.The following are the main differences between GDPdefator and CPI.

WHOLE SALE PRICE INDEX (WPI):It measures the relative changes in Whole sale prices.It is also called Producers Price Index.

WHY GDP IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A GOOD INDICATOR OF WELFARE:

There are at least three reasons why GDP is not considered as a good indicator of welfare. They are the following.

  1. Distribution of GDP – how uniform is it: If the GDP of the country is rising,the welfare may not rise as a consequence. This is because the rise in GDP may be concentrated in the hands of very few individuals or firms.
  2. Non-monetary exchanges: Many activities in an economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. For example, the domestic services women perform at home are not paid for.
  3. Externalities: It refers to the benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid (or penalised).Externalities do not have any market in which they can be bought and sold.

BUDGET DEFICIT AND TRADE DEFICT:Budget deficit measure by what amount the government expenditure exceeds the tax revenue earned by it. trade deficit measures the excess of import expenditure over the export revenue earned by the economy.

(I – S) + (G – T) ≡ M – X

QUESTIONS

1. GDP and GNP of an economy will be equal when :

  1. The value of Net Factor Income from abroad positive.
  2. The value of Net Factor Income from abroad negative.
  3. The value of Net Factor Income from abroad zero.
  4. The value of Net Factor Income from abroad is equals 1.

2. Following data shows the level of total expenditure of an economy during a particular year. Calculate GDPMP

Items                      ( in ₹crores )

  1. Private final consumption expenditures.(C). 6,500
  2. Government consumption [2]and investment expenditures(G) . 5,000
  3. Private Final Investment Expenditure (I). 4,000
  4. Export (X) 600
  5. Import (M) 900

3. (a) Write down the identities of calculating GDP of an economy using three methods.

(b) There are only 2 producing units, A and B in the economy. Calculate :

  1. GVAMP of firm A.
  2. GVAMP of firm B.

(c) Calculate GDPMP.

Items Amount Amount (₹ in Crores)

  1. Sales by firm A. 10,000
  2. Sales by firm B 20,000
  3. Change in stock of firm B. 2,000
  4. Change in stock of firm A 500
  5. Purchase of raw materials by firm A 5,000
  6. Purchase of raw materials by firm B. 6,000

(vii) Consumption of fixed capital by firm A & B 1,800

4. Categorise the following into consumer goods and capital goods :

Books, Coal, Chocolate, Machines, Clothes, Buildings

5. In the year 2010, the value of total output produced is 200 units and price per unit is ₹20. In 2011, production has increased to 230 units and price ₹ 25 per unit. From the data, calculate GDP deflator and interpret the result.

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