Psychology Chapter 7 Important Question Social Influence and Group Processes Term 2 2022
Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Important Question Social Influence and Group Processes Term 2 2022, (Psychology) exams are Students are taught thru NCERT books in some of the state board and CBSE Schools. As the chapter involves an end, there is an exercise provided to assist students to prepare for evaluation. Students need to clear up those exercises very well because the questions inside the very last asked from those.
Sometimes, students get stuck inside the exercises and are not able to clear up all of the questions. To assist students, solve all of the questions, and maintain their studies without a doubt, we have provided a step-by-step NCERT Important Questions for the students for all classes. These answers will similarly help students in scoring better marks with the assist of properly illustrated Notes as a way to similarly assist the students and answer the questions right.
Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Important Question Social Influence and Group Processes Term 2 2022
(A) Objective Questions (1 Mark Each)
Stand Alone MCQs
Q. 1. Which one of the following is the characteristic of a social group?
(A) Personal Motive (B) Insecurity
(C) Norms (D) Division
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 2. is a collection of people who may be present at a place/situation by chance.
(A) Crowd (B) Team
(C) Group (D) Audience
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 3. Membership of a club is an example of:
(A) Primary group (B) Secondary group
(C) Outgroup (D) Mob
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 4. Social loafing will occur when:
(A) the group members feel more responsible.
(B) there is less motivation among members.
(C) belonging to the group is important.
(D) there is proper coordination among members.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: Motivation of the members decreases.
Q. 5. Which of these stages is used to wrap up activities of the group and provide a sense of closure to its members?
(A) Forming (B) Performing
(C) Norming (D) Adjourning
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q. 6. Group think is a consequence of extreme.
(A) cohesiveness (B) security
(C) self esteem (D) safety
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 7. Feeling of togetherness that keeps a group intact is called.
(A) Norms (B) Roles
(C) Status (D) Cohesiveness
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q. 8. Preeti, Ajeet and Maya are working together to develop a marketing plan for one of their company’s newest product lines. After some initial conflict, the group started to really come together. Now, the group is highly unified and very productive. The marketing plan is practically writing itself! Which stage of development is this group in?
(A) Forming (B) Performing
(C) Norming (D) Storming
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 9. Religious group is an example of:
(A) Primary group (B) Secondary group
(C) Formal group (D) Outgroup
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 10. ____ are special kinds of groups. Members of teams often have complementary skills and are committed to a common goal or purpose.
(A) Groups (B) Teams
(C) Crowd (D) Mob
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 11. A political party is and social group.
(A) primary and formal
(B) primary and informal
(C) secondary and formal
(D) secondary and informal
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 12. Collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose, may be to watch a cricket match or a movie.
(A) Audience (B) Team
(C) Mob (D) None of the above
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Assertion and Reason Based MCQs
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Q. 1. Assertion (A): Teams are special kinds of groups. Members of teams often have complementary skills and are committed to a common goal or purpose. Members are mutually accountable for their activities.
Reason (R): In teams, there is a positive synergy attained through the coordinated efforts of the members.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 2. Assertion (A): An audience is also a collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose.
Reason (R): Groups satisfy one’s social and psychological needs such as sense of belongingness, giving and receiving attention, love and power through a group.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Q. 3. Assertion (A): There is a stage of intragroup conflict which is referred to as storming. In this stage, there is conflict among members about how the target of the group is to be achieved, who is to control the group and its resources, and who is to perform what task.
Reason (R): When people don’t have common motives or goals, they get together and form a group which may facilitate their goal attainment.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: When people have common motives or goals, they get together and form a group which may facilitate their goal attainment.
Q. 4. Assertion (A): Norms are unexpected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members.
Reason (R): Cohesiveness refers to togetherness, binding or mutual attraction among group members.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Norms are expected standards of I behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members.
Q. 5. Assertion (A): Social facilitation research suggests that presence of others leads to arousal and can motivate individuals to enhance their performance if they are already good at solving something.
Reason (R): This enhancement occurs when a person’s efforts are collectively evaluated.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: This enhancement occurs when a I person’s efforts are individually evaluated.
Q. 6. Assertion (A): When you find others also favouring capital punishment, you feel that this view is validated by the public.
Reason (R): Validation of own views is known as bandwagon effect.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Case-based MCQs
I. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“A group is a social unit consisting of a number of individuals who stand in role and status of relationship to one another, stabilizing in some degree at the time and who process a set of values or norms of their own behaviour, at least, in matters of consequence to the group”.
– Sherif and Sherif
Types of Groups:
Primary Groups: Groups characterised by more or less continued intimate face-to-face association and co-operation are primary group, e.g., family; children’s play groups, adolescent group, neighbourhood group.
Secondary Groups: Secondary groups are special interest groups, such as national, political religious, fraternal and professional groups. They don’t depend upon face-to-face contact although there may be direct interaction among the members.
Socio & Psycho Groups: hi solo groups, the purpose is largely impersonal, the members associating together to work on some common objective or problem. Labour union, editorial staff of a school year-book The psycho group is more personal in nature and the members come together of their own accord primarily for the purpose of inter member association. The girls who meet regularly under the tree in the recess.
Organized and Unorganized Groups: hi the organized group, the members play differentiated roles in relation to common goals. The degree of organisation may be very loose, informal organization to a highly complex, formal one. But, if the group has a leader, it is an organisation, hi an unorganized group each member functions more or less independently of the others. It is highly flexible, the members being free to develop their roles as they please.
InGroups and OutGroups: The groups to which an individual belongs and toward which he feels a loyalty are in-groups. The groups toward which an individual feels neither loyalty nor sympathy and for which he may feel dislike, suspicion, opposition, fear, or even hatred are out-groups. A nation, race, religious sect, or neighbourhood group that is seen as inferior to one’s and viewed with prejudice or hostility form outgroups. SES, home and regional influences play an important part in the origin and propagation of such prejudice.
Q. 1. Identify the type of groups:
(A) Ingroups and outgroups
(B) Organised and unorganised groups
(C) Socio and psycho group
(C) All of the above
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q. 2. Which of these falls under Primary groups?
(A) National (B) Political religious
(C) Fraternal (D) Adolescent group
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q. 3. Which of this is called special abilities group?
(A) Secondary group (B) Primary group
(C) Psycho-social group (D) Organised group
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Q. 4. Social groups are:
(A) Formal (B) Impersonal
(C) Both a & b (D) None of the above
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(B) Subjective Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks Each)
Q. 1. What is group polarisation?
Ans. A group gets stronger as a result of discussions in the group. This strengthening of the group’s initial position as a result of group interaction and discussion is referred to as group polarisation.
Q. 2. What are norms?
Ans. Norms are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members. In your family, there are norms that guide the behaviour of family members. These norms represent shared ways of viewing the world.
Short Answer Type Questions-I (3 Marks Each)
Q. 1. Describe any two elements of group structure. The two important elements of group structure are Roles and Norms:
Ans. Roles: Roles are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfil. Roles refer to the typical behaviour that depicts a person in a given social context. In a role of a son or a daughter, there are certain role expectations when in that role. Ait example is , as a daughter or a son, you are expected to respect elders, listen to them and be responsible towards your studies.
Norms: Norms are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members. They may be considered as a group’s “unspoken rules”.
In your family, there are norms that guide the behaviour of family members.
These norms represent shared ways of viewing the world.
Q. 2. State three conditions which facilitate group formation.
Ans. Basic to group formation is some contact and some form of interaction between people. This interaction is facilitated by the following conditions:
Proximity: Repeated interactions with the same set of individuals give us a chance to know them, and their interests and attitudes. Common interests, attitudes and background are important determinants of your liking for your group members.
Similarity: Being exposed to someone over a period of time makes us assess our similarities and paves the way for formation of groups. The reason given by psychologists for group formation between similar people or liking between similar people is when two people are similar, there is consistency and they start liking each other For example, you like playing football and another person in your class also loves playing football; there is a matching of your interests. There are higher chances that you may become a group.
Another explanation given by psychologists is that when we meet similar people, they reinforce and validate our opinions and values, we feel we are right and thus we start liking them.
Common motives and goals: When people have common motives and goals, they get together and form a group which may facilitate their goal attainment.
Suppose you want to teach children of a slum area who are unable to go to school. You cannot do this alone because you have your own studies and homework. You, therefore, form a group of like minded friends and start teaching these children. So, you have been able to achieve what you could not have done alone.
Short Answer Type Questions-ll (4 Marks Each)
Q. 1. What are the stages of group formation? [CBSE Delhi, 2015]
Ans. Stages of group formation
According to Tuckman, groups are formed through five stages:
(i) Forming stage: excitement, apprehension, uncertainty about the group, the goal and planning.
(ii) Storming stage: conflict among the members because of role, hierarchy and goal attainment.
(iii) Norming stage: setting the rules and developing positive group identity.
(iv) Performing stage: group moves towards achievement of group goals.
(v) Adjourning stage: once the function is over, the group may be disbanded.
Q. 2. What is social loafing? How can social loafing be reduced in group work? [CBSE OD, 2015]
Ans. Social Loafing: It is a reduction in individual’s effort when working on a collective task i.e., one in which outputs are pooled with those of other group members, e.g., tug of war.
Determinants of conformity:
(i) How social loafing can be reduced.
(ii) Making efforts of each person identifiable.
(iii) Increasing group members commitment to successful task performance.
(iv) Increasing the apparent importance or value of a task.
(v) Making people feel that their contribution to the task is unique and important.
(vi) Strengthening group cohesiveness which increases the concern for group outcomes.
(Any three points)
Long Answer Type Questions (6 Marks Each)
Q. 1. Explain the causes of group conflict. Discuss any three strategies for resolving conflicts. [CBSE Delhi, 2018]
Ans. Inter group conflict: A process in which either an individual or a group perceives that others have opposing interests, try to contradict each other.
Intense feeling of ‘we’ and ‘other’ ‘they’.
A. Reasons:
(i) Lack of communication/faulty communication
(ii) Relative deprivation
(iii) One party’s belief that it is better than the other.
(iv) A feeling that the other group does not respect the norms of my group.
(v) Desire for retaliation
(vi) Biased perceptions
(vii) When acting in groups, people are more competitive as well as aggressive.
(viii) Perceived inequity
(ix) Gardner Murphy’s explanation
Listing of any six points or brief explanation of any three points.
B. Strategies for conflict resolution:
(i) Introduction of super ordinate goals
(ii) Altering perceptions
(iii) Increasing intergroup contacts
(iv) Redrawing group – boundaries
(v) Negotiations
(vi) Structural solutions
(vii) Respect for other group’s norms
Listing of any six points or brief explanation of any three points.
(Any two points front above)
Q. 2. Explain group polarisation. Give reasons for occurrence of group polarisation. [CBSE Delhi, 2018]
Ans. Group polarisation occurs when discussion leads a group to adopt attitudes or actions that are more extreme than the initial attitudes or actions of the individual group members. Group polarisation can happen in the direction of either riskiness (risky shift) or conservativeness. For example, a group of women who holds moderately feminist views tends to demonstrate heightened pro-feminist beliefs following group discussion.
Group polarisation can occur due to following reasons:
(i) When like-minded people are interacting, the views become stronger resulting in a decision that favours them, for example, an employee who has done an anti-social activity on the job can be given an extreme punishment if all the individuals are in favour of punishment for him.
(ii) The favourable view of one person is validated by the others, which leads them towards that attitude. This is known as the Bandwagon effect.
(iii) When you find people having similar views, you likely to perceive them as ingroup. You start identifying with the group, begin showing conformity, and as a consequence, your views become strengthened.
Q. 3. Why do conflicts arise between groups and how can they be resolved?
Ans. Mentioned below are some of the major reasons for group conflicts:
(i) One major reason is lack of communication and faulty communication among parties which leads to suspicion, lack of trust.
(ii) Comparison of one group members.
(iii) Biased perceptions are at the root of most conflicts. Feelings of ‘they’ and ‘we’ lead to biased perceptions.
Strategies to Resolve Group Conflicts are as follows:
(i) With other group members, and having a feeling that they are not doing well in comparison to other groups. These leads to feelings of deprivation and discontentment, which may trigger off conflict. This type of feeling needs to be discouraged and due appreciation should be given to members.
(ii) Another cause of conflict is one group feels superior to another group and feels that what they say should be done. This feeling should be removed.
(a) A feeling that the other group does not respect the norms of my group, and actually violates those norms. This type of feeling needs to be checked.
(b) Desire for retaliation for some harm done in the past could be another reason for conflict. This type of feeling should be discouraged among group members.
Many strategies have been suggested by psychologists. Some of these are :
(i) Introduction of superordinate goals: By introducing superordinate goals, intergroup conflict can be reduced.
A superordinate goal is mutually beneficial to both parties, hence both groups work cooperatively.
(ii) Altering perceptions: Conflicts can also be reduced by altering perceptions and reactions through persuasion, educational and media appeals, and portrayal of groups differently in society.
(iii) Increasing intergroup contacts: Conflict can also be reduced by increasing contacts between the groups.
(iv) Redrawing group boundaries: Creating conditions where groups’ boundaries are redefined and groups come to perceive themselves as belonging to a common group.
(v) Negotiations: Conflict can also be resolved through negotiations and third party interventions, resolve conflict by trying to find mutually acceptable solution. Negotiation refers to reciprocal communications so as to reach an agreement in situations in which there is a conflict.
